Autonomy of Individuals Living with Obesity

The effect of obesity on metabolic parameters: a cross sectional study in adult women

“…Obesity, which has increased three times in the last 50 years and has become a global pandemic affecting more than 650 million people 2 and associated with an increase in body fat, especially in the abdominal region, increases the morbidity risk of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and some types of cancer 28 . Inflammation, which becomes chronic with the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in excess in the adipose tissue that increases in obesity, causes pathological changes in insulin-sensitive tissues and β-cells, leading to disruption of metabolic regulation 29 .…”

“…It is thought that obesity, which is defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health in the body, is caused by the imbalance between energy intake and expenditure 1 , 2 , however, studies conducted in recent years have also associated obesity with various factors such as appetite mechanism 3 , microbiota 4 , endocrine disruptors, epigenetics 5 , circadian rhythm 6 , sleep duration 7 and activation of 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) 8 . According to the latest data, in addition to island countries such as Nauru, Palau and Niue, which are known to have more than half of the world's populations obese, Kuwait (37.9%), the United States (36.2%), Saudi Arabia (35.4%), Qatar (35.1%), Lebanon (33.7) Libya (32.5%) and Turkey (32.1%) are the countries where obesity is most common in the world 9 .…”