Autophagy: An Important Biological Process That Protects Plants from Stressful Environments

Dual Role for Autophagy in Lipid Metabolism in Arabidopsis

“…This catabolic process enables the removal of obsolete or damaged macromolecules, defective organelles, and invading microorganisms and at the same time the recycling of cellular components into needed nutrients and is therefore essential for homeostasis, development, and survival (Jaishy and Abel, 2016;Anding and Baehrecke, 2017;Dikic, 2017). Autophagy is functional at basal levels in virtually all cell types under favorable growth conditions but can also be massively induced by a wide array of developmental and environmental stimuli including nutrient starvation, senescence, pathogens, metabolic stress, and many other abiotic and biotic cues (Levine and Kroemer, 2008;Jaishy and Abel, 2016;Anding and Baehrecke, 2017;Wang et al, 2017;Nakamura and Yoshimori, 2018). The functional importance of both inducible and basal autophagy is well illustrated in plants using autophagy-defective mutants of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and other plants (Liu et al, 2005;Guiboileau et al, 2012;Yoshimoto, 2012;Minina et al, 2014;Yang and Bassham, 2015;Barros et al, 2017;Üstün et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2017Wang et al, , 2018Elander et al, 2018;Enrique Gomez et al, 2018).…”

“…Autophagy is functional at basal levels in virtually all cell types under favorable growth conditions but can also be massively induced by a wide array of developmental and environmental stimuli including nutrient starvation, senescence, pathogens, metabolic stress, and many other abiotic and biotic cues (Levine and Kroemer, 2008;Jaishy and Abel, 2016;Anding and Baehrecke, 2017;Wang et al, 2017;Nakamura and Yoshimori, 2018). The functional importance of both inducible and basal autophagy is well illustrated in plants using autophagy-defective mutants of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and other plants (Liu et al, 2005;Guiboileau et al, 2012;Yoshimoto, 2012;Minina et al, 2014;Yang and Bassham, 2015;Barros et al, 2017;Üstün et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2017Wang et al, , 2018Elander et al, 2018;Enrique Gomez et al, 2018). These mutants display early senescence, shortened lifespan, reduced seed yield, defective reproductive growth, and altered phytohormone signaling under normal growth conditions and are also hypersensitive to nutrient deprivation, oxidative stress, pathogen infection, drought, and high salinity, although many mechanistic details underlying these phenotypes and the stress sensitivity remain largely unknown.…”

ATG4 Mediated Psm ES4326/AvrRpt2-Induced Autophagy Dependent on Salicylic Acid in Arabidopsis Thaliana

“…The core machinery of autophagy could be broken down into three functional units: ATG1-ATG13 comprising the kinase complex, an upstream regulator that initiates autophagosome formation; The ATG9 and ATG6/vps30 complexes are involved in vacuolar protein sorting and boosting phagophore expansion; Ubiquitin like conjugation systems (ATG5-ATG12 complex and ATG8-PE complex) are essential for autophagosome formation [ 19 ]. The expression of ATG1 , ATG6 and ATG8a in WT and npr1 were examined by qRT-PCR ( Figure 1 C).…”

Occurrence of autophagy during pioneer root and stem development in Populus trichocarpa

“…In plants, autophagy is associated during developmental events with both formation and degradation (van Doorn and Woltering 2005), during the process of tissue and organ morphogenesis in ontogeny, and in response to biotic and abiotic stress (Kwon and Park 2008;Wang et al 2016;Bozhkov 2018). Linking autophagy with plant development processes is not straightforward, and studies on the role of autophagy in plant organogenesis and histogenesis are limited.…”