Autophagy and apoptosis are redundantly required for<i>C. elegans</i>embryogenesis

Borsos, Éva; Erdélyi, Péter; Vellai, Tibor

doi:10.4161/auto.7.5.14685

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In this regard, it is intriguing that BECN1 has a BH3 domain, which enables the interaction with pro-survival BCL-2 family members (BCL-2, BCL-XL and MCL-1) 12, 80 . This interaction is conserved and is also seen in C. elegans , where BECN1 binds CED-9 (a BCL-2-like protein) 81 . The direct interaction between BCL-2, BCL-XL and BECN1 inhibits the pro-autophagy function of BECN1 and is dependent upon subcellular localization 80 (Figure 2A).…”

Section: Type II Cell Death: Autophagymentioning

confidence: 79%

Live to die another way: modes of programmed cell death and the signals emanating from dying cells

Fuchs

Steller

2015

Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol

554

439

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Preface All life ends in death, but perhaps one of life’s grander ironies is that it also depends on death. Cell-intrinsic suicide pathways, termed programmed cell death (PCD), are crucial for animal development, tissue homeostasis and pathogenesis. Originally, PCD was virtually synonymous with apoptosis, but recently, alternative PCD mechanisms have been reported. Here, we provide an overview of several distinct PCD mechanisms, namely apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis. In addition, we discuss the complex signals emanating from dying cells, which can either fuel regeneration or instruct additional killing. Further advances in understanding the physiological role of multiple cell death mechanisms and associated signals will be important to selectively manipulate PCD for therapeutic purposes.

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Section: Type II Cell Death: Autophagymentioning

confidence: 79%

Live to die another way: modes of programmed cell death and the signals emanating from dying cells

Fuchs

Steller

2015

Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol

554

439

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“…These results in nematodes with mutations in other autophagy genes that are not part of the class III PtdIns 3-kinase complex, including atg-2, atg-7, atg-18 and unc-51. The differences in severity of corpse clearance defects may reflect differences in the underlying molecular basis of each mutant allele used (bec-1(ok691), 29 atg-2(bp576 ) (Dr. Hong Zhang, personal communication), and atg-18(gk378) 47 are predicted null alleles; unc-51(e369) is a strong loss-of-function allele; 48 whereas atg-7(bp422) has a single amino acid change in the encoded protein that is predicted to affect protein activity); 49 partial gene redundancy with homologs that are not detected by primary sequence similarities; and/or autophagy The precise mechanism(s) by which autophagy genes mediate efficient apoptotic corpse clearance remain unclear. Other studies in autophagy-deficient mammalian macrophages 27 and postembryonic corpse clearance in C. elegans 30 point to a defect in apoptotic corpse degradation, rather than uptake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autophagy genes function in apoptotic cell corpse clearance duringC. elegansembryonic development

et al. 2013

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Efficient apoptotic corpse clearance is essential for metazoan development and adult tissue homeostasis. Several autophagy proteins have been previously shown to function in apoptotic cell clearance; however, it remains unknown whether autophagy genes are essential for efficient apoptotic corpse clearance in the developing embryo. Here we show that, in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos, loss-of-function mutations in several autophagy genes that act at distinct steps in the autophagy pathway resulted in increased numbers of cell corpses and delayed cell corpse clearance. Further analysis of embryos with a null mutation in bec- 1, the C. elegans ortholog of yeast VPS30/ATG6/mammalian beclin 1 (BECN1), revealed normal phosphatidylserine exposure on dying cells. Moreover, the corpse clearance defects of bec- 1(ok691) embryos were rescued by BEC-1 expression in engulfing cells, and bec- 1(ok691) enhanced corpse clearance defects in nematodes with simultaneous mutations in the engulfment genes, ced- 1, ced- 6 or ced- 12. Together, these data demonstrate that autophagy proteins play an important role in cell corpse clearance during nematode embryonic development, and likely function in parallel to known pathways involved in corpse removal.

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“…Decreased autophagy has been reported to result in decreased epidermal cell size and decreased body size 196. Autophagy and apoptosis may have redundant roles in epidermal morphogenesis 197…”

Section: Functions Of the Differentiated Epidermismentioning

confidence: 99%

The Caenorhabditis elegans epidermis as a model skin. II: differentiation and physiological roles

Chisholm

2012

WIREs Developmental Biology

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The C. elegans epidermis forms one of the principal barrier epithelia of the animal. Differentiation of the epidermis begins in mid embryogenesis and involves apical-basal polarization of the cytoskeletal and secretory systems as well as cellular junction formation. Secretion of the external cuticle layers is one of the major developmental and physiological specializations of the epidermal epithelium. The four post-embryonic larval stages are separated by periodic moults, in which the epidermis generates a new cuticle with stage-specific characteristics. The differentiated epidermis also plays key roles in endocrine signaling, fat storage, and ionic homeostasis. The epidermis is intimately associated with the development and function of the nervous system, and may have glial-like roles in modulating neuronal function. The epidermis provides passive and active defenses against skin-penetrating pathogens and can repair small wounds. Finally, age-dependent deterioration of the epidermis is a prominent feature of aging and may affect organismal aging and lifespan.

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Autophagy and apoptosis are redundantly required forC. elegansembryogenesis

Cited by 17 publications

References 11 publications

Live to die another way: modes of programmed cell death and the signals emanating from dying cells

Live to die another way: modes of programmed cell death and the signals emanating from dying cells

Autophagy genes function in apoptotic cell corpse clearance duringC. elegansembryonic development

The Caenorhabditis elegans epidermis as a model skin. II: differentiation and physiological roles

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