Autophagy and Apoptosis in the Midgut Epithelium of Millipedes

Rost‐Roszkowska, Magdalena; Vilímová, Jitka; Tajovský, Karel; Chachulska-Żymełka, Alina; Sosinka, A.; Kszuk-Jendrysik, M; Ostróżka, Anna; Kaszuba, F.

doi:10.1017/s143192761900059x

Cited by 19 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Autophagy is a survival factor for animal tissues against pathogen infection. When the intercellular junctions between cells are not a sufficient barrier for the entry of microorganisms into cells, these organisms are enclosed and neutralized inside autophagosomes 43 , 44 . Numerous toxic substances (e.g., heavy metals) accumulate in the cytoplasm in the form of spherocystals/spherites 45 , 46 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Autophagy: a necessary defense against extreme cadmium intoxication in a multigenerational 2D experiment

Babczyńska

Nowak

Kafel

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Autophagy is a natural process that aims to eliminate malfunctioning cell parts, organelles or molecules under physiological conditions. It is also induced in response to infection, starvation or oxidative stress to provide energy in case of an energy deficit. The aim of this 2-dimensional study was to test if, and if so, how, this process depends on the concentration of cadmium in food (with Cd concentrations from 0 to 352 μg of Cd per g of food (dry weight)—D1 dimension) and the history of selection pressure (160 vs 20 generations of exposure to Cd—D2 dimension). For the study, the 5th instar larvae of a unique strain of the moth Spodoptera exigua that was selected for cadmium tolerance for 160 generations (44 μg of Cd per g of food (dry weight)), as well as 20-generation (11, 22 and 44 μg of Cd per g of food (dry weight)) and control strains, were used. Autophagy intensity was measured by means of flow cytometry and compared with life history parameters: survivability and duration of the 3rd larval stage. The highest values of autophagy markers were found in the groups exposed to the highest Cd concentration and corresponded (with a significant correlation coefficient) to an increased development duration or decreased survivorship in the respective groups. In conclusion, autophagy is probably initiated only if any other defense mechanisms, e.g., antioxidative mechanisms, are not efficient. Moreover, in individuals from pre-exposed populations, the intensity of autophagy is lower.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous toxic substances (e.g., heavy metals) accumulate in the cytoplasm in the form of spherocystals/spherites 45 , 46 . However, when too many spherites accumulate, autophagy enables the discharge of excess toxic substances and protects cells from inflammation 44 , 47 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autophagy: a necessary defense against extreme cadmium intoxication in a multigenerational 2D experiment

Babczyńska

Nowak

Kafel

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Three main types of cell death have been recognized in the digestive system of invertebrates: apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy. Cell death maintains homeostasis in the event of external stressors, and can be involved in embryonic and postembryonic development of tissues and organs (Bruno et al, 2019; Caccia, Casartelli, & Tettamanti, 2019; Franzetti et al, 2012, 2016; Klionsky & Emr, 2000; Kourtis & Tavernarakis, 2009; Lipovšek et al, 2018; Lipovšek, Janžekovič, & Novak, 2014; Lipovšek & Novak, 2016; Rost‐Roszkowska et al, 2010, 2019; Rost‐Roszkowska, Chajec, Vilimova, & Tajovsky, 2016; Rost‐Roszkowska, Janelt, & Poprawa, 2018; Sonakowska et al, 2016; Tettamanti, Cao, Feng, Grimaldi, & de Eguileor, 2011; Tettamanti, de Busserolles, Lecchini, Marshall, & Cortesi, 2019; Wilczek et al, 2014; Włodarczyk et al, 2019a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Depending on the strength of the stressor, autophagy may allow a cell to survive or trigger apoptosis/necrosis (Klionsky & Emr, 2000; Kourtis & Tavernarakis, 2009). However, when there are too many autophagic structures in the epithelial cell, necrosis as passive cell death is activated (Lipovšek et al, 2018; Rost‐Roszkowska et al, 2016, 2019). Autophagy is eventually treated as a survival factor in degradation of the crustacean midgut epithelium, which is devoid of regenerative cells, for example, the shrimp Eubranchipus grubii (Rost‐Roszkowska et al, 2012) and also in N .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Postembryonic development and differentiation of the midgut in the freshwater shrimp Neocaridina davidi (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Decapoda) larvae

Sonakowska‐Czajka

Śróbka

Ostróżka

et al. 2020

Journal of Morphology

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Neocaridina davidi is a freshwater shrimp that originates from Taiwan and is commonly bred all over the word. Like all decapods, which develop indirectly, this species has pelagic larvae that may differ entirely in their morphology and habits from adult specimens. To fill a gap of knowledge about the developmental biology of freshwater shrimps we decided to document the 3D-localization of the midgut inside the body cavity of larval stages of N. davidi using X-ray microtomography, and to describe all structural and ultrastructural changes of the midgut epithelium (intestine and hepatopancreas) which occur during postembryonic development of N. davidi using light and transmission electron microscopy. We laid emphasis on stem cell functioning and cell death processes connected with differentiation. Our study revealed that while the intestine in both larval stages of N. davidi has the form of a fully developed organ, which resembles that of adult specimens, the hepatopancreas undergoes elongation and differentiation. E-cells, which are midgut stem cells, due to their proliferation and differentiation are responsible for the above-mentioned processes. Our study revealed that apoptosis is a common process in both larval stages of N. davidi in the intestine and proximal region of the hepatopancreas. In zoea III, autophagy as a survival factor is activated in order to protect cells against their death. However, when there are too many autophagic structures in epithelial cells, necrosis as passive cell death is activated. The presence of all types of cell death in the midgut in the zoea III stage confirms that this part of the digestive tract is fully developed and functional. Here, we present the first description of apoptosis, autophagy and necrosis in the digestive system of larval stages of Malacostraca and present the first description of their hepatopancreas elongation and differentiation due to midgut stem cell functioning.

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“…It may occur in all epithelial cells: digestive, secretory, and regenerative cells. However, a distinct crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis was observed in the digestive cells, while it was not detected in the secretory and regenerative cells (Rost-Roszkowska et al 2019).…”

Section: General Ultrastructure and Functions Of The Digestive Cellsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Structure of the midgut epithelium in four diplopod species: histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure

Rost‐Roszkowska¹,

Vilímová²,

Tajovský³

et al. 2021

ASP

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The middle region of the digestive system of millipedes, the midgut, is responsible for all processes connected with digestion, but also takes part in homeostasis maintenance thanks to the ability to activate many mechanisms which neutralize changes occurring at different levels of the animal’s body. Numerous millipede species are treated as bioindicators of the natural environment and they are exposed to different stressors which originate from external environment. To obtain all data on the functioning of midgut of millipedes as the barrier against stressors, it is necessary to have a precise and general description of the midgut epithelium. Members from four millipede orders were selected for the studies: Polydesmus angustus (Polydesmida), Epibolus pulchripes (Spirobolida), Unciger transsilvanicus (Julida) and Glomeris tetrasticha (Glomerida). The structure and ultrastructure of their midgut epithelial cells (the digestive, secretory and regenerative cells) were documented using transmission electron microscopy and histochemical methods. The obtained results have been compared and discussed to previous ones, to present the general and structural organization of the midgut in Diplopoda. Our studies revealed that the ultrastructure of all cells which form the midgut epithelium in millipedes is general for all the species studied up to now and it resembles the cell ultrastructure observed in Chilopoda and Hexapoda, including the digestive, secretory and stem cells.

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Autophagy and Apoptosis in the Midgut Epithelium of Millipedes

Cited by 19 publications

References 59 publications

Autophagy: a necessary defense against extreme cadmium intoxication in a multigenerational 2D experiment

Autophagy: a necessary defense against extreme cadmium intoxication in a multigenerational 2D experiment

Postembryonic development and differentiation of the midgut in the freshwater shrimp Neocaridina davidi (Crustacea, Malacostraca, Decapoda) larvae

Structure of the midgut epithelium in four diplopod species: histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure

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