Autophagy and its physiological relevance in arthropods: Current knowledge and perspectives

Malagoli, Davide; Abdalla, Fábio Camargo; Cao, Yang; Feng, Qiang; Fujisaki, Kozo; Gregorc, Aleš; Matsuo, Tomohide; Nezis, Ioannis P.; Papassideri, Issidora S.; Sass, Miklós; Silva-Zacarín, Elaine C.M.; Tettamanti, Gianluca; Umemiya‐Shirafuji, Rika

doi:10.4161/auto.6.5.11962

Cited by 80 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…Moreover, as determined by qPCR, 9 Atg genes were upregulated less than 3 fold 2 h after 20E injection (Fig. 3F), 12 Atg genes (all except Atg4) were upregulated 1.8 to 4.5 fold 6 h after 20E injection (Fig. 3G), while all of the 13 Atg genes were upregulated 1.5 to 8.5 fold 24 h after 20E injection (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Although the Atg genes are quite well conserved from yeast to insects to humans, 7,12 the molecular mechanism by which ATG proteins collaborate to form autophagosomes is largely unknown in higher eukaryotes. For example, autophagy in higher eukaryotes involves much more complex membrane dynamics than in yeast.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…A very important autophagy-related discovery in Drosophila is Dmel/drpr (Draper), which is an ortholog of C. elegans ced-1, and has been the first identified component that distinguishes autophagy-associated cell death from autophagyassociated cell survival. 14 A number of studies have revealed that autophagy plays a predominant role in controlling cell death in the salivary gland 15,16 and the midgut 17 as well as cell survival in the fat body 12 during Drosophila metamorphosis. By binding its nuclear receptor EcR-USP, the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E; the molting hormone) plays an important role in inducing autophagy in insects.…”

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confidence: 99%

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20-hydroxyecdysone upregulatesAtggenes to induce autophagy in the Bombyx fat body

Tian¹,

et al. 2013

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Autophagy is finely regulated at multiple levels and plays crucial roles in development and disease. in the fat body of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, autophagy occurs and Atg gene expression peaks during the nonfeeding molting and pupation stages when the steroid hormone (20-hydroxyecdysone; 20E) is high. injection of 20E into the feeding larvae upregulated Atg genes and reduced torC1 activity resulting in autophagy induction in the fat body. Conversely, rnAi knockdown of the 20E receptor partner (USP) or targeted overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of the 20E receptor (EcR DN ) in the larval fat body reduced autophagy and downregulated the Atg genes, confirming the importance of 20E-induction of Atg gene expression during pupation. Moreover, in vitro treatments of the larval fat body with 20E upregulated the Atg genes. Five Atg genes were potentially 20E primary-responsive, and a 20E response element was identified in the Atg1 (ortholog of human ULK1) promoter region. Furthermore, rnAi knockdown of 4 key genes (namely Br-C, E74, HR3 and βftz-F1) in the 20E-triggered transcriptional cascade reduced autophagy and downregulated Atg genes to different levels. taken together, we conclude that in addition to blocking torC1 activity for autophagosome initiation, 20E upregulates Atg genes to induce autophagy in the Bombyx fat body.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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20-hydroxyecdysone upregulatesAtggenes to induce autophagy in the Bombyx fat body

Tian¹,

et al. 2013

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“…The advantages of this model are the large amount of information gathered on its developmental biology, physiology and endocrinology, the availability of numerous genetic and molecular biology tools, and a completely sequenced genome. 827 The basic studies of B. mori autophagy have been performed in four main larval systems: the silk gland, the fat body, the midgut and the ovary. The methods used for these studies are comparatively similar, starting from EM, which is the most widely used method to follow the changes of various autophagic structures and other features of the cytosol and organelles that are degraded during autophagy.…”

Section: 818mentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

Klionsky¹,

Abdalla²,

Abeliovich³

et al. 2012

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In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field

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“…However, other potential mechanisms which might be involved in the maintenance of homeostasis in invertebrates, such as apoptosis, self-regeneration of tissues and organs, accumulation of spherites, synthesis of methallothioneins or antioxidants (Parthasarathy and Palli, 2007;Park and Takeda, 2008;Hakim et al, 2010;Rost-Roszkowska et al, 2010a, 2010bChajec et al, 2012), have been studied only in some tardigrade species (Rebecchi et al, 2009a;Rizzo et al, 2010;Bonifacio et al, 2012). In many invertebrates the regenerative properties of the midgut epithelium are also considered as adaptive mechanisms for coping with external stress factors (Wilczek, 2005;Tettamanti et al, 2007;Park and Takeda, 2008;Malagoli et al, 2010;Rost-Roszkowska et al, 2011b;Franzetti et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fine structure of the midgut epithelium in Xerobiotus pseudohufelandi (Iharos, 1966) (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae)

et al. 2013

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Autophagy and its physiological relevance in arthropods: Current knowledge and perspectives

Cited by 80 publications

References 144 publications

20-hydroxyecdysone upregulatesAtggenes to induce autophagy in the Bombyx fat body

20-hydroxyecdysone upregulatesAtggenes to induce autophagy in the Bombyx fat body

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy

The fine structure of the midgut epithelium in Xerobiotus pseudohufelandi (Iharos, 1966) (Tardigrada, Eutardigrada, Macrobiotidae)

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