Autophagy in infection, inflammation and immunity

Deretic, Vojo; Saitoh, Tatsuya; Akira, Shizuo

doi:10.1038/nri3532

Cited by 1,652 publications

(1,643 citation statements)

References 172 publications

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“…Recent studies have led to an appreciation of the role of autophagy as an elementary form of innate immunity against invading micro‐organisms in eukaryotes (Deretic et al ., 2013). LPS induces autophagy in macrophages (Sanjuan et al ., 2007; Xu et al ., 2007), providing a means to clear invasive bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lysosomal storage and impaired autophagy lead to inflammasome activation in G aucher macrophages

et al. 2015

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SummaryGaucher disease, the inherited deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase, is characterized by the presence of glucosylcer‐amide macrophages, the accumulation of glucosylceramide in lysosomes and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. However, the connection between this lysosomal storage and inflammation is not clear. Studying macrophages derived from peripheral monocytes from patients with type 1 Gaucher disease with genotype N370S/N370S, we confirmed an increased secretion of interleukins IL‐1β and IL‐6. In addition, we found that activation of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that activates caspase‐1, led to the maturation of IL‐1β in Gaucher macrophages. We show that inflammasome activation in these cells is the result of impaired autophagy. Treatment with the small‐molecule glucocerebrosidase chaperone NCGC758 reversed these defects, inducing autophagy and reducing IL‐1β secretion, confirming the role of the deficiency of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase in these processes. We found that in Gaucher macrophages elevated levels of the autophagic adaptor p62 prevented the delivery of inflammasomes to autophagosomes. This increase in p62 led to activation of p65‐NF‐kB in the nucleus, promoting the expression of inflammatory cytokines and the secretion of IL‐1β. This newly elucidated mechanism ties lysosomal dysfunction to inflammasome activation, and may contribute to the massive organomegaly, bone involvement and increased susceptibility to certain malignancies seen in Gaucher disease. Moreover, this link between lysosomal storage, impaired autophagy, and inflammation may have implications relevant to both Parkinson disease and the aging process. Defects in these basic cellular processes may also provide new therapeutic targets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lysosomal storage and impaired autophagy lead to inflammasome activation in G aucher macrophages

et al. 2015

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“…Blockade of autophagy leads to the activation of inflammasomes which control the proteolytic processing and secretion of IL -1β and IL-18 under infl ammatory stress [30,31] . Also, ablation of autophagyrelated 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) increases the production of Peizhou Liang, et al Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis 437 IL-1β and IL-18 in the mouse model of Crohn's disease [32] .…”

Section: Mutual Regulation Of Autophagy and Infl Ammationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis

Liang

2015

Neurosci. Bull.

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Autophagy plays an important role in maintaining the cellular homeostasis. One of its functions is to degrade unnecessary organelles and proteins for energy recycling or amino-acids for cell survival. Ablation of autophagy leads to neurodegeneration. Multiple sclerosis (MS), a permanent neurological impairment typical of chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder, is an auto-immune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Autophagy is tightly linked to the innate and adaptive immune systems during the autoimmune process, and several studies have shown that autophagy directly participates in the progress of MS or experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, a mouse model of MS). Dysfunction of mitochondria that intensively infl uences the autophagy pathway is one of the important factors in the pathogenesis of MS. Autophagy-related gene (ATG) 5 and immune-related GTPase M (IRGM) 1 are increased, while ATG16L2 is decreased, in T-cells in EAE and active relapsing-remitting MS brains. Administration of rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR), ameliorates relapsing-remitting EAE. Infl ammation and oxidative stress are increased in MS lesions and EAE, but Lamp2 and the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio are decreased. Furthermore, autophagy in various glial cells plays important roles in regulating neuro-infl ammation in the CNS, implying potential roles in MS. In this review, we discuss the role of autophagy in the peripheral immune system and the CNS in neuroinfl ammation associated with the pathogenesis of MS. Keywords: autophagy; multiple sclerosis; neuro-infl ammation ·Review· IntroductionAutophagy, a lysosome-dependent degradation pathway, contributes to maintaining cellular homeostasis. Clearance of long-lived proteins, unnecessary organelles, and aggregate-prone proteins is mainly executed by autophagy for recycling cellular materials [1] . There are three subtypes of autophagy, macroautophagy, chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), and mitophagy. Macroautophagy is the major type for selective degradation of protein aggregates or misfolded proteins. The ubiquitin-labeled proteins are recognized by autophagy receptors, such as p62, neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1 (NBR1), and NIP3-like protein X (NIX), to form autophagosomes that then fuse with lysosomes for degradation. Many autophagy-related genes function during this process, such as Unc51-like kinase (ULK1) and autophagy-related gene (ATG) 5. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) represses autophagy by regulating ULK1 phosphorylation, while AMPK activates this process.CMA mediates the degradation of large molecular-weight proteins containing the KFERQ motif recognized by heat shock cognate protein of 70 kDa (HSC70). The substrate is then escorted to lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 (LAMP2A) for lysosomal degradation. Mitophagy is responsible for the degradation of damaged mitochondria.Parkin and PINK1 play critical roles in this process [2] . More Neurosci Bull August 1, 2015, 31(4): 435-444 436 attention has been paid to autophagy in the path...

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“…47,55 Its role in disease and its potential targeting with therapeutic agents have been extensively described in recent reviews. 2,3,46,47,56 Regulation of autophagy: The core molecular machinery engaged in autophagosome formation, as well as the signaling pathways that stimulate autophagy have been reviewed in detail elsewhere.…”

Section: Autophagy and Ciliummentioning

confidence: 99%

Autophagy and regulation of cilia function and assembly

et al. 2014

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Motile and primary cilia (PC) are microtubule-based structures located at the cell surface of many cell types. Cilia govern cellular functions ranging from motility to integration of mechanical and chemical signaling from the environment. Recent studies highlight the interplay between cilia and autophagy, a conserved cellular process responsible for intracellular degradation. Signaling from the PC recruits the autophagic machinery to trigger autophagosome formation. Conversely, autophagy regulates ciliogenesis by controlling the levels of ciliary proteins. The cross talk between autophagy and ciliated structures is a novel aspect of cell biology with major implications in development, physiology and human pathologies related to defects in cilium function. Cell Death and Differentiation (2015) 22, 389-397; doi:10.1038/cdd.2014.171; published online 31 October 2014 FactsAutophagy is a degradative and recycling mechanism that allows cells to adapt to stress situations including nutrient deprivation. Primary cilia (PC) and motile cilia (MC) are sensory structures at the cell surface. PC sense nutrient, growth factor and calcium changes in the extracellular environment and also respond to mechanical stress. MC are beating structures that contribute to innate defense in the lung, for example. The PC is a site for the recruitment of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins that mediate autophagosome formation in response to cilium-dependent signaling. In turn, autophagy regulates the biogenesis of cilia by degrading certain proteins involved in cilia formation. Modulation of autophagy represents a new therapeutic opportunity in diseases related to defective cilia function. Open QuestionsHow are ATG proteins transported to the PC? How do ATG proteins recruited to the PC contribute to the biogenesis of phagophores and autophagosomes? Ciliary proteins are degraded by autophagy. How selective is this degradative pathway? Do some of these proteins contain motifs that result in selective engulfment by autophagosomes?What are the determinants that switch the degradation of ciliary proteins between basal and induced autophagy? Is there any specific function for cilium-dependent autophagy in ciliated cells? Do signals that trigger cilium-dependent autophagy depend on the stimuli (chemical, mechanical) or do all stimuli converge to a single signaling pathway upstream of the autophagy machinery? Can modulation of autophagy contribute to the restoration of cilium functions?Receptors, transporters and specialized plasma membrane structures such as cilia constitute the interfaces between the extracellular and intracellular milieu and allow the cells to trigger specific responses to adapt to changes imposed by the environment. Among these adaptive responses, macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as 'autophagy') is a catabolic process conserved in eukaryotic cells by which the cell recycles its own constituents. 1 Autophagy is involved in the adaptation to starvation, cell differentiation and development, the degradation of aberrant structure...

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Autophagy in infection, inflammation and immunity

Cited by 1,652 publications

References 172 publications

Lysosomal storage and impaired autophagy lead to inflammasome activation in G aucher macrophages

Lysosomal storage and impaired autophagy lead to inflammasome activation in G aucher macrophages

Role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis

Autophagy and regulation of cilia function and assembly

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