Autophagy‐independent mitochondrial quality control: Mechanisms and disease associations

Abstract

Maintaining a healthy and functional mitochondrial network is crucial for cell survival and function. Protein misfolding and dysfunction are particularly prevalent in them due to physiological adaptations and stress conditions. For mitochondria to function properly, multiple quality control systems have evolved to ensure that there are enough mitochondria to meet cells' needs, damaged mitochondrial proteins or mitochondrial parts can be eliminated using these pathways. Several mechanisms control mitochondrial quality, including protein, organelle, and cellular levels. As the extensive study of canonical mitochondrial quality-mitophagy, this paper reviews the processes and mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control independent of autophagy, including mitochondrial protein and DNA degradation, mitochondria-derived vesicles and mitochondria-derived compartments, mitochondrial secretion, tunneling nanotubes, mitocytosis, and mitolysosome exocytosis. Understanding these novel quality control pathways may provide insights into mitochondrial homeostasis and for developing targeted treatments for diseases where these systems fail.

Angiogenic activity of mitochondria; beyond the sole bioenergetic organelle

“…Emerging data have indicated the possible role of autophagy in cellto-cell interaction and mitochondrial donation (Bao et al, 2022).…”

“…Emerging data have indicated the possible role of autophagy in cell‐to‐cell interaction and mitochondrial donation (Bao et al, 2022). Injured mitochondrial particles can be loaded on LC3‐bearing autophagosomes with the lipidation of LC3.…”

“…Besides, these pathways are possible mechanisms to eliminate the dysregulated mitochondrial particles. The formation of TNTs allows the cells to directly transfer the mitochondria in a juxtacrine manner under insulting conditions (Bao et al, 2022). EV, endosomal system; TNT, tunneling nanotube.…”