Autoregressive Distributed Lag Transformation for Exchange Rate and Trade Balance

Abstract

In this study the prime objective is to initiate autoregressive distributed lag transformation for exchange rate and trade balance to avoid the possible existence of multicollinearity among the explanatory variables and to analyze the variation in real exchange rate and its impact on trade balance in Pakistan. The Koyck model was used for studying the immediate impact and long run relationship between the variables by using time series annual data ranging from 1981 to 2021. The result showed that there is an inverse association between the trade balance and the exchange rate. It is evident from the results that the depreciation in exchange rate will bring upward movement in the trade balance.

A Traffic Plan to Lessen Smog Season Air Pollution in Lahore, Pakistan

“…The air quality index must be improved through plantation. Controlling the emissions of pollutants from manufacturing, transportation, crop waste, and brick kilns is necessary (Asif et al, 2022;Raza et al, 2021;Butt et al, 2018). In this paper, a tactical approach for reducing emissions from transportation and industry has been put out.…”