Autosomal and X chromosome Alu insertions in Bolivian Aymaras and Quechuas: Two languages and one genetic pool

Abstract

Thirty-two polymorphic Alu insertions (18 autosomal and 14 from the X chromosome) were studied in 192 individuals from two Amerindian populations of the Bolivian Altiplano (Aymara and Quechua speakers: the two main Andean linguistic groups), to provide relevant information about their genetic relationships and demographic processes. The main objective was to determine from genetic data whether the expansion of the Quechua language into Bolivia could be associated with demographic (Inca migration of Quechua-speakers from Peru into Bolivia) or cultural (language imposition by the Inca Empire) processes. Allele frequencies were used to assess the genetic relationships between these two linguistic groups. Our results indicated that the two Bolivian samples showed a high genetic similarity for both sets of markers and were clearly differentiated from the two Peruvian Quechua samples available in the literature. Additionally, our data were compared with the available literature to determine the genetic and linguistic structure, and East-West differentiation in South America. The close genetic relationship between the two Bolivian samples and their differentiation from the Quechua-speakers from Peru suggests that the Quechua language expansion in Bolivia took place without any important demographic contribution. Moreover, no clear geographical or linguistic structure was found for the Alu variation among South Amerindians.

mtDNA and Y‐chromosome diversity in Aymaras and Quechuas from Bolivia: Different stories and special genetic traits of the Andean Altiplano populations

“…Eastern samples presented larger within‐group genetic distances and lower intrapopulation diversity parameters than for the Andean samples for both sets of markers. This is consistent with different patterns of drift and gene flow related to larger effective population sizes in the Andean area, as suggested by different kinds of data (mtDNA, Fuselli et al,2003; Y‐chromosome, Tarazona‐Santos et al,2001; classical markers, Luiselli et al,2000; STRs, Wang et al,2007, and PAIs, Gayà‐Vidal et al,2010). High diversities have also been reported in the Andean surrounding areas of Chaco and the Bolivian lowlands that may suggest a certain influence from the Andean region (also reflected in the MDS plots), mainly for the mtDNA data, because no genetic structuring was found according to hierarchical AMOVA analyses.…”

“…In a previous study (Gayà‐Vidal et al,2010), the two Bolivian samples presented, according to 32 PAIs, a genetic similarity and a separation from the two Peruvian Quechua‐speaker samples (Tayacaja and Arequipa) from the literature. This suggested a common origin of the two Bolivian populations and an expansion of the Quechua language mainly due to cultural rather than demographic processes.…”

“…This study explores the genetic variability and the genetic relationships of two Bolivian populations belonging to the two main Andean linguistic groups (Aymaras and Quechuas) through the analysis of uniparental markers; mtDNA and Y‐chromosome. A previous study (Gayà‐Vidal et al,2010) examined a total number of 32 polymorphic Alu insertions (PAIs) in these two samples. According to these autosomal and X‐chromosome data, the two Bolivian populations showed a similar genetic structure and were significantly close to each other when they were compared to Peruvian Quechua‐speakers from Tayacaja and Arequipa.…”

Microevolutionary processes due to landscape features in the province of Jujuy (Argentina)

“…To assess the impact of the gene flow in the gene pool of the different Jujuy subpopulations, admixture proportions were estimated through the Weighted Least Squares method (Long et al,1991). To that end, allele frequency data on American, European and African populations were compiled from previously published works (Gómez‐Pérez et al,2010; Gayà‐Vidal et al,2010).…”

Diversidad genética de la región no pseudoautosómica del cromosoma X en las poblaciones de Corrientes y Misiones: determinación de marcadores poblacionales y marcadores para identificación

“…En el caso de las Secuencias Alu se incluyeron datos de las poblaciones de África y Europa, tipificadas en la Universidad de Barcelona (UB), cortesía de la Dra. María Esther Esteban [78,79]. 38 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,45 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,18 0,19 0,19 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 41 0,29 0,44 0,38 1,00 0,33 0,30 0,39 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,47 0,47 1,00 1,00 0,25 0,31 0,37 0,29 1,00 0,00 1,00 1,00 * ---+ ----42 0,44 1,00 1,00 0,38 1,00 0,45 1,00 0,23 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,00 0,00 1,00 1,00 0,33 0,00 1,00 0,42 1,00 0,47 0,47 1,00 1,00 * -------43 0,25 0,44 0,47 0,75 0,41 1,00 0,74 0,58 0,49 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,17 0,11 1,00 0,50 0,00 0,50 1,00 1,00 0,47 1,00 0,30 0,45 0,33 0,08 * --+ ---44 0,37 0,00 1,00 1,00 0,49 0,15 0,76 1,00 0,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,44 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,49 1,00 1,00 0,48 1,00 0,47 1,00 1,00 0,30 * -----45 0,55 1,00 1,00 0,84 0,42 0,75 0,28 0,56 0,63 0,35 1,00 0,46 0,35 0,48 0,00 1,00 0,28 0,70 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,74 0,74 0,85 0,00 1,00 0,86 0,49 * --+ -46 0,24 0,24 1,00 0,44 0,44 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,30 0,34 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,00 0,21 0,13 0,22 0,40 0,40 0,40 1,00 0,23 0,00 1,00 0,48 * ---47 0,76 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,46 0,39 0,04 1,00 0,57 0,70 0,55 1,00 0,02 1,00 1,00 0,19 1,00 1,00 0,49 0,56 0,27 0,00 1,00 1,00 0,51 0,47 0,48 1,00 * --48 0,16 1,00 0,48 0,03 0,22 0,63 0,50 1,00 0,19 0,24 1,00 0,07 0,63 0,52 0,57 1,00 0,21 0,19 0,54 0,46 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,21 1,00 0,47 1,00 0,47 0,02 1,00 1,00 * -49 0,78 0,71 0,35 0,08 0,67 1,00 1,00 1,00 0,28 0,66 0,73 0,80 0,30 0,29 1,00 0,10 0,12 0,88 0,84 1,00 0,85 0,25 0,25 0,46 0,71 0,79 0,18 0,27 0,68 1,00 0,84 0,32 * # 0 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 12 13 14 15 0 * -----------2 1,00 * ----------3 0,47 0,66 * -+ -------5 0,58 0,61 0,27 *…”