Autoxidation of glycols used in inhalable daily products: implications for the use of artificial fogs and e-cigarettes

Guo, Xinyang; Chan, Ya-Chun; Gautam, Tania; Zhao, Ran

doi:10.1039/d3em00214d

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 94 publications

(120 reference statements)

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“…Although the fresh vaping particles did not undergo any significant aging and ozonolysis, thermal degradation and auto-oxidation of PG/VG and our terpene mixture are likely to have formed various highly oxidized species that act as ROS or facilitate the production of intracellular ROS. 50 It is a possibility that unreacted terpenes present within the fresh vaping particles are acting as antioxidants 51 and effectively dampening the oxidative potential of the fresh vaping particles. Like other glutathione S-transferases, GSTP1 is a crucial regulator of intracellular ROS levels.…”

Section: Molecular Characterization Of Particle-phase Hydroperoxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozonolysis of Terpene Flavor Additives in Vaping Emissions: Elevated Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress

Woo,

Tian,

Lum

et al. 2024

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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The production of e-cigarette aerosols through vaping processes is known to cause the formation of various free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Despite the well-known oxidative potential and cytotoxicity of fresh vaping emissions, the effects of chemical aging on exhaled vaping aerosols by indoor atmospheric oxidants are yet to be elucidated. Terpenes are commonly found in e-liquids as flavor additives. In the presence of indoor ozone (O3), e-cigarette aerosols that contain terpene flavorings can undergo chemical transformations, further producing ROS and reactive carbonyl species. Here, we simulated the aging process of the e-cigarette emissions in a 2 m3 FEP film chamber with 100 ppbv of O3 exposure for an hour. The aged vaping aerosols, along with fresh aerosols, were collected to detect the presence of ROS. The aged particles exhibited 2- to 11-fold greater oxidative potential, and further analysis showed that these particles formed a greater number of radicals in aqueous conditions. The aging process induced the formation of various alkyl hydroperoxides (ROOH), and through iodometric quantification, we saw that our aged vaping particles contained significantly greater amounts of these hydroperoxides than their fresh counterparts. Bronchial epithelial cells exposed to aged vaping aerosols exhibited an upregulation of the oxidative stress genes, HMOX-1 and GSTP1, indicating the potential for inhalation toxicity. This work highlights the indirect danger of vaping in environments with high ground-level O3, which can chemically transform e-cigarette aerosols into new particles that can induce greater oxidative damage than fresh e-cigarette aerosols. Given that the toxicological characteristics of e-cigarettes are mainly associated with the inhalation of fresh aerosols in current studies, our work may provide a perspective that characterizes vaping exposure under secondhand or thirdhand conditions as a significant health risk.

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Section: Molecular Characterization Of Particle-phase Hydroperoxidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozonolysis of Terpene Flavor Additives in Vaping Emissions: Elevated Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress

Woo,

Tian,

Lum

et al. 2024

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Hidden formaldehyde in cosmetic products

Søgaard,

Poulsen,

Gelardi

et al. 2024

Contact Dermatitis

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BackgroundFormaldehyde is a common cause of contact allergy. Hidden formaldehyde, that is, formaldehyde in products without formaldehyde releasers, has previously been detected in cosmetic products.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to investigate the content and causes of hidden formaldehyde in leave‐on cosmetic products.MethodsThe formaldehyde release from 142 cosmetic products, primarily creams, was analysed using the chromotropic acid (CA) method. The study included 130 products with no formaldehyde releasers on the ingredient list and 12 products with formaldehyde releasers. Products without formaldehyde releasers positive to CA, that is, with formaldehyde ≥2.5 ppm, were additionally analysed using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Formaldehyde release from selected raw materials and packaging were also investigated.ResultsHidden formaldehyde was found in 23 of the 130 products (18%) without formaldehyde releasers on the ingredient list. The average formaldehyde content was 105 ppm (range: 0.5–507 ppm) in products with hidden formaldehyde and 355 ppm (range: 75–637 ppm) in eight products with formaldehyde releasers, selected for HPLC analysis. Impurities of formaldehyde in dihydroxyacetone may be a cause of hidden formaldehyde in self‐tanners. No clear pattern was found for the other products with hidden formaldehyde.ConclusionsChanges in regulation are needed to prevent allergic contact dermatitis from hidden formaldehyde in cosmetic products.

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Effects of E-Cigarette (e-cig) Aerosols on Mutagenesis in Selected Organs in a C57 lacI (BigBlueTM) Mouse Model

Chhaya,

Gress,

Raja

et al. 2024

IJERPH

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The objective of this study is to investigate the potential mutagenic effects of the exposure of mice to aerosols produced from the component liquids of an electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS). The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) and ENDSs has increased tremendously over the past two decades. From what we know to date, ENDSs contain much lower levels of known carcinogens than tobacco smoke. While conventional tobacco smoke is a well-established mutagen, little is known about the mutagenicity of ENDS aerosols. Here, we report the mutagenic effects of a 3-month whole body exposure of C57 lacI mice (BigBlueTM) to filtered air (AIR) or ENDS aerosols in several tissues. Aerosols were generated from a 50/50 vegetable glycerin (VG)/propylene glycol (PG) mixture with and without nicotine. The results revealed that in the lung, bladder urothelial tissue, and tongue, mutagenesis was significantly greater in the VG/PG/nicotine group than in the AIR group. In all organs except the bladder, mutagenesis in the VG/PG only group was similar to those exposed to AIR. In the bladder, mutagenesis in the VG/PG group was elevated compared to that in the AIR group. In the liver, mutagenesis was modestly elevated in the VG/PG/nicotine group, but the elevation failed to reach statistical significance. Overall, there were no consistent differences in mutagenesis between the sexes. The results of this study suggest that exposure to e-cig aerosols containing nicotine represents a risk factor for carcinogenesis in several organ systems, and exposure to VG/PG alone may be a risk factor for bladder cancer.

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Autoxidation of glycols used in inhalable daily products: implications for the use of artificial fogs and e-cigarettes

Abstract: The use of glycols is seen in various industries and occupations.

Cited by 3 publications

References 94 publications

Ozonolysis of Terpene Flavor Additives in Vaping Emissions: Elevated Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress

Ozonolysis of Terpene Flavor Additives in Vaping Emissions: Elevated Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress

Hidden formaldehyde in cosmetic products

Effects of E-Cigarette (e-cig) Aerosols on Mutagenesis in Selected Organs in a C57 lacI (BigBlueTM) Mouse Model

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