Auxiliary Police in Hungary

Bezuidenhout, Christiaan

doi:10.1201/9781315367460-14

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 0 publications

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“…Children may experience up to 11 URTIs annually (Lambert 2007;Tang 2019), whilst adults experience an average of two episodes per year (Tomita 2012; Visseaux 2017). For instance, HRV is responsible for 50% to 80% of common colds, and it is an important cause of morbidity, reduced productivity, and inappropriate use of antibiotics (Kardos 2017;Warner 2019). Although there are few studies on the socioeconomic costs of the common cold, and most existing studies are problematic in terms of methodology (e.g.…”

Section: B a C K G R O U N D Description Of The Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…recall bias) for mainly being cross-sectional studies on self-reported surveys performed in a small or specific population, the impact on school and work absenteeism caused by common cold and the economic burden it causes cannot be overlooked (Dicpinigaitis 2015;Jaume 2020;Jaume 2021). In the United States, economic loss due to the common cold is estimated at more than USD 40 billion per year, including an estimate of 70 million workdays missed by employees su ering from a cold, 189 million school days missed by children, and 126 million work days missed by parents caring for children with a cold (Kardos 2017), all of which have an impact on productivity (Dicpinigaitis 2015). In Europe, the total cost per episode may be up to EUR 1102, of which 75% are indirect costs (Stjärne 2012).…”

Section: B a C K G R O U N D Description Of The Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The socioeconomic burden from the common cold has not been fully studied, and the few studies published in this area mainly have methodological limitations. However, it has been demonstrated that the common cold can lead to work and school absenteeism as well as having an impact on productivity and healthcare costs (Dicpinigaitis 2015;Jaume 2021;Kardos 2017), which could also be reduced by preventing the illness through vaccine use, if e ective. Furthermore, if randomised controlled trials demonstrate that there is an e ective and safe vaccine to prevent the common cold, scientists could continue researching this field.…”

Section: Why It Is Important To Do This Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this review we assessed the following outcomes: incidence of common cold a er vaccination, vaccine safety, and mortality (all cause and vaccine related), which were not considered in most RCTs assessed for inclusion by full text. We focused on these outcomes due to the impact that the common cold has at the population level, with a high estimated economic loss due to missed working days (Kardos 2017;Tsuzuki 2020). Other systematic reviews on vaccines for preventing upper respiratory tract infection have assessed outcomes similar to those included in this review (Hao 2015;Thomas 2013).…”

Section: Agreements and Disagreements With Other Studies Or Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vaccines for the common cold

Montesinos-Guevara

Buitrago-Garcia

Felix

et al. 2022

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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Background The common cold is a spontaneously remitting infection of the upper respiratory tract, characterised by a runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, cough, malaise, sore throat, and fever (usually < 37.8 ºC). Whilst the common cold is generally not harmful, it is a cause of economic burden due to school and work absenteeism. In the United States, economic loss due to the common cold is estimated at more than USD 40 billion per year, including an estimate of 70 million workdays missed by employees, 189 million school days missed by children, and 126 million workdays missed by parents caring for children with a cold. Additionally, data from Europe show that the total cost per episode may be up to EUR 1102. There is also a large expenditure due to inappropriate antimicrobial prescription. Vaccine development for the common cold has been difficult due to antigenic variability of the common cold viruses; even bacteria can act as infective agents. Uncertainty remains regarding the efficacy and safety of interventions for preventing the common cold in healthy people, thus we performed an update of this Cochrane Review, which was first published in 2011 and updated in 2013 and 2017. Objectives To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of vaccines for preventing the common cold in healthy people. Search methods We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (April 2022), MEDLINE (1948 to April 2022), Embase (1974 to April 2022), CINAHL (1981 to April 2022), and LILACS (1982 to April 2022). We also searched three trials registers for ongoing studies, and four websites for additional trials (April 2022). We did not impose any language or date restrictions. Selection criteria Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any virus vaccine compared with placebo to prevent the common cold in healthy people. Data collection and analysis We used Cochrane’s Screen4Me workflow to assess the initial search results. Four review authors independently performed title and abstract screening to identify potentially relevant studies. We retrieved the full‐text articles for those studies deemed potentially relevant, and the review authors independently screened the full‐text reports for inclusion in the review, recording reasons for exclusion of the excluded studies. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion or by consulting a third review author when needed. Two review authors independently collected data on a data extraction form, resolving any disagreements by consensus or by involving a third review author. We double‐checked data transferred into Review Manager 5 software. Three review authors independently assessed risk of bias using RoB 1 tool as outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We carried out statistical analysis using Review Manager 5. We did not conduct a meta‐analysis, and w...

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Section: B a C K G R O U N D Description Of The Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%