Availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to earthworms in urban soils and its implications for risk assessment

Cachada, Anabela; Coelho, C.; Gavina, Ana; Dias, Ana Cláudia; Patinha, Carla; Reis, Amélia; Silva, Eduardo Ferreira da; Duarte, Armando C.; Pereira, Ruth

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.013

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The biota-soil accumulation factors (0.6 -0.8 kgOC/kglipid) in this study were lower than those (1.6 kgOC/kglipid) reported in a study that utilised freshly spiked soils for Eisenia andrei exposure 20 , and 2.4 kgOC/kglipid in a different study that utilised freshly spiked OECD soils that were aged for 25 d and exposed to E. andrei 21 . In contrast, the biota-soil accumulation factor in this study exceeded the range (approximately 0.03 -0.16 kgOC/kglipid) reported for ∑10PAHs in earthworms exposed to urban soils 20 . Overall, biota-soil accumulation factors from long-term aged field-contaminated soils will be smaller than those from freshly-spiked soils; however, this difference will also be influenced by the earthworm species studied and the methods utilised for the determination of lipid and PAH contents.…”

Section: Total-extractable B[a]p Concentrations In Soilcontrasting

confidence: 88%

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Bioaccumulation of benzo[a]pyrene nonextractable residues in soil by Eisenia fetida and associated background-level sublethal genotoxicity (DNA single-strand breaks)

Umeh

Panneerselvan

Duan

et al. 2019

Science of The Total Environment

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The potential for bioaccumulation and associated genotoxicity of nonextractable residues (NERs) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) in long-term contaminated soils have not been investigated. Here were report research in which earthworms, Eisenia fetida, were exposed to a soil containing readily available benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and highly sequestered B[a]P NERs aged in soil for 350 days. B[a]P bioaccumulation was assessed and DNA damage (as DNA single strand breaks) in earthworm coelomocytes were evaluated by comet assay. The concentrations of B[a]P in earthworm tissues were generally low, particularly when the soil contained highly sequestered B[a]P NERs, with biota-soil accumulation factors ranging from 0.6-0.8 kgOC/kglipid. The measurements related to genotoxicity, that is percentage (%) of DNA in the tails and olive tail moments, were significantly greater (p < 0.05) in the spiked soil containing readily available B[a]P than in soil that did not have added B[a]P. For example, for the soil initially spiked at 10 mg/kg, the percentage of DNA in the tails (29.2%) of coelomocytes after exposure of earthworms to B[a]P-contaminated soils and olive tail moments (17.6) were significantly greater (p < 0.05) than those of unspiked soils (19.6% and 7.0, for percentage of DNA in tail and olive tail moment, respectively). There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences in effects over the range of B[a]P concentrations (10 and 50 mg/kg soil) investigated. In contrast, DNA damage after exposure of earthworms to B[a]P NERs in soil did not differ from background DNA damage in the unspiked soil. These findings are useful in risk assessments as they can be applied to minimise uncertainties associated with the ecological health risks from exposure to highly sequestered PAH residues in long-term contaminated soils.

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Section: Total-extractable B[a]p Concentrations In Soilcontrasting

confidence: 88%

“…After exposure, the earthworms were depurated and prepared for measurements of PAH concentrations and DNA damage. In addition, the PAH concentrations in soils before and after earthworm exposure were determined and biota-soil accumulation factors were calculated 20,21 .…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaccumulation of benzo[a]pyrene nonextractable residues in soil by Eisenia fetida and associated background-level sublethal genotoxicity (DNA single-strand breaks)

Umeh

Panneerselvan

Duan

et al. 2019

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are contaminants of global concern, and in soils they can be found at high concentrations, indicating a potential environmental hazard. PAHs mainly originate from the long-term deposition of airborne particles emitted from natural (e.g., volcanic eruptions, forest fires) and anthropogenic (e.g., industry, traffic, road runoff) sources [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. These contaminants are susceptible to global long-range transport; therefore, they can be detected in soils even at long distances from their emission sources [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some compounds from this group (e.g., benzo/a/pyrene) are well known as mutagens, carcinogens, teratogens, and endocrine disruptors (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2010). Occurring at high concentrations, they can also influence the activity of microorganisms and/or the growth and development of plants and invertebrates [7,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Organic Matter on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Availability and Persistence in Soils

Ukalska‐Jaruga

Smreczak

2020

Molecules

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exhibit persistence in soils, and most of them are potentially mutagenic/carcinogenic and teratogenic for human beings but also influence the growth and development of soil organisms. The PAHs emitted into the atmosphere are ultimately deposited (by dry or wet deposition processes) onto the soil surface where they tend to accumulate. Soil organic matter (SOM) plays an important role in the fate and transformation processes of PAHs, affecting their mobility, availability, and persistence. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the influence of SOM fractional diversification (fulvic acids—FA, humic acids—HA, and humins—HN) on PAH availability and persistence in soils. Twenty soil samples (n = 20) were collected from upper horizons (0–30 cm) of agricultural soils exposed to anthropogenic emissions from industrial and domestic sources. The assessment of PAH concentrations included the determination of medium-molecular-weight compounds from the US EPA list: fluoranthene—FLA, pyrene—PYR, benz(a)anthracene—BaA, and chrysene—CHR. The assessment was conducted using the GC-MS/MS technique. Three operationally defined fractions were investigated: total extractable PAHs (TE-PAHs) fraction, available/bioavailable PAHs (PB-PAHs) fraction, and nonavailable/residual PAHs (RE-PAHs) fraction, which was calculated as the difference between total and available PAHs. TE-PAHs were analyzed by dichloromethane extraction, while PB-PAHs were analyzed with a hydrophobic β-cyclodextrin solution. SOM was characterized by total organic carbon content (Turin method) and organic carbon of humic substances including FA, HA, HN (IHSS method). Concentrations of PAHs differed between soils from 193.5 to 3169.5 µg kg−1, 4.3 to 226.4 µg kg−1, and 148.6 to 3164.7 µg kg−1 for ∑4 TE-PAHs, ∑4 PB-PAHs, and ∑4 RE-PAHs, respectively. The ∑4 PB-PAHs fraction did not exceed 30% of ∑4 TE-PAHs. FLA was the most strongly bound in soil (highest content of RE-FLA), whereas PYR was the most available (highest content of PB-PYR). The soils were characterized by diversified total organic carbon (TOC) concentration (8.0–130.0 g kg−1) and individual SOM fractions (FA = 0.4–7.5 g kg−1, HA = 0.6–13.0 g kg−1, HN = 0.9–122.9 g kg−1). FA and HA as the labile fraction of SOM with short turnover time strongly positively influenced the potential ∑4 PAH availability (r = 0.56 and r = 0.52 for FA and HA, respectively). HN, which constitutes a stable fraction of organic matter with high hydrophobicity and poor degradability, was strongly correlated with ∑4 RE-PAHs (r = 0.75), affecting their persistence in soil.

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“…Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of semivolatile, chemically stable, and hydrophobic compounds which may be highly persistent in the environment, accumulating in soils and through the food chain. Therefore, the contamination of soils by PAHs is mainly a result of long-term pollution, and in areas with a continuous input of these contaminants, even though at low levels, it may result in high concentrations in soils as a result of accumulation over the years [1][2][3][4]. Due to the carcinogenic and/or mutagenic potential of PAHs, the contamination of soils may cause deleterious effects on ecosystems, and may also jeopardize human health [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate Analysis for Assessing Sources, and Potential Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lisbon Urban Soils

et al. 2019

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Urban soils quality may be severely affected by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination, as is the case of Lisbon (Portugal). However, to conduct a risk assessment analysis in an urban area can be a very difficult task due to the patchy nature and heterogeneity of these soils. Thus, the present study aims to provide an example on how to perform the first tier of a risk assessment plan in the case of urban soils using a simpler, cost effective, and reliable framework. Thus, a study was conducted in Lisbon to assess the levels of PAH, their potential risks to the environment and human health, and to identify their major sources. Source apportionment was performed by studying PAHs profiles, their relationship with potentially toxic elements, and general characteristics of soil using multivariate statistical methods. Results showed that geostatistical tools are useful for evaluating the spatial distribution and major inputs of PAHs in urban soils, as well as to identify areas of potential concern, showing their usefulness in risk assessment analysis and urban planning. Particularly, the prediction maps obtained allowed for a clear identification of areas with the highest levels of PAHs (close to the airport and in the city center). The high concentrations found in soils from the city center should be a result of long-term accumulation due to diffuse pollution mostly from traffic (through atmospheric emissions, tire debris and fuel exhaust, as well as pavement debris). Indeed, most of the sites sampled in the city center were historical gardens and parks. The calculation of potential risks based on different models showed that there is a high discrepancy among guidelines, and that risks will be extremely associated with the endpoint or parameters used in the different models. Nevertheless, this initial approach based on total levels was useful for identifying areas where a more detailed risk assessment is needed (close to the airport and in the city center). Therefore, the use of prediction maps can be very useful for urban planning, for example, by crossing information obtained with land uses, it is possible to define the most problematic areas (e.g., playgrounds and schools).

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Availability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to earthworms in urban soils and its implications for risk assessment

Cited by 18 publications

References 40 publications

Bioaccumulation of benzo[a]pyrene nonextractable residues in soil by Eisenia fetida and associated background-level sublethal genotoxicity (DNA single-strand breaks)

Bioaccumulation of benzo[a]pyrene nonextractable residues in soil by Eisenia fetida and associated background-level sublethal genotoxicity (DNA single-strand breaks)

The Impact of Organic Matter on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Availability and Persistence in Soils

Multivariate Analysis for Assessing Sources, and Potential Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lisbon Urban Soils

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