Average Passage Flow Field and Deterministic Stresses in the Tip and Hub Regions of a Multi-Stage Turbomachine

Abstract

This paper continues our effort to study the dynamics of deterministic stresses in a multistage turbomachine using experimental data. Here we focus on the tip and hub regions and compare them to mid span data obtained in previous studies. The analysis is based on data obtained in PIV measurements performed in the second stage of a two-stage turbomachine. A complete data set is obtained using blades and fluid with matched optical index of refraction. Previous measurements at mid span have shown that at mid span and close to design conditions, the deterministic kinetic energy is smaller than the turbulent kinetic energy. The primary contributor to the deterministic stresses at mid span is the interaction of a blade with the upstream wakes. Conversely, we find that the tip vortex is the dominant source of phase-dependent unsteadiness and deterministic stresses in the tip region. Along the trajectory of the tip vortex, the deterministic kinetic energy levels are more than one order of magnitude higher than the levels measured in the hub and mid-span, and are of the same order of magnitude as the turbulent kinetic energy levels. Reasons for this trend are explained using a sample distribution of phase-averaged flow variables. Outside of the region affected by tip vortex transport, within the rotor-stator gap and within the stator passages, the turbulent kinetic energy is still 3–4 times higher than the deterministic kinetic energy. The deterministic and turbulent shear stress levels are comparable in all spanwise locations, except for the wakes of the stator blades, where the turbulent stresses are higher. However, along the direction of tip vortex transport, the deterministic shear stresses are about an order of magnitude higher than the turbulent shear stresses. The decay rates of deterministic kinetic energy in the hub and mid-span regions are comparable to each other, whereas at the tip, the decay rate is higher. The decay rates of turbulent kinetic energy are much smaller than those of the deterministic kinetic energy. The paper also examines terms in the deterministic kinetic energy transport equation. The data indicate that “Deterministic Production” and a new term, called here “Dissipation due to Turbulence” are the dominant source/sink terms. Regions with alternating signs of Deterministic Production indicate that the energy transfer between the phase-averaged and average-passage flow fields can occur in both directions. The divergence of the Pressure-Velocity correlation, obtained from a balance of all the other terms, is dominant and appears to be much larger than the deterministic production (source/sink) term. This trend indicates that there are substantial deterministic pressure fluctuations in the flow field, especially within the rotor-stator gap and within the stator passage.

Effects of camberwise varying tip injection on loss and wake characteristics of a low pressure turbine blade

“…Wake-like vorticity footprints on two-dimensional laser planes in PIV measurements of three-dimensional vortical structures are observed also in previous studies (e.g. Uzol et al, 2003).…”

An Exponential Decay Model for the Deterministic Correlations in Axial Compressors

“…Based on above results and other studies [20][21][22], an exponential decay DC model for downstream blade row is proposed as following. Then the DC model was added into the developed timeaveraging CFD flow solver.…”

Decomposition of the spatially filtered and ensemble averaged kinetic energy, the associated fluxes and scaling trends in a rotor wake

“…The decomposition produces the so-called deterministic stress −û i û j . [45][46][47] We have already examined the deterministic stresses and a few of the flux terms in a previous paper, 16 but without combining with LES filtering. Briefly, we note that the spatially filtered passage-average flow involves a triple-decomposition, including spatial filtering, phase ͑ensemble͒ averaging, and passage averaging.…”

“…[8][9][10][11][12][13] However, most of the data have been constrained by optical obstructions due to the complex geometry of turbomachines. Uzol et al [14][15][16] and Chow et al [17][18][19] have recently introduced a two-stage axial-turbomachine facility with transparent acrylic blades whose optical refractive index matches that of the working fluid, enabling unobstructed PIV measurements. Resulting complete two-dimensional ͑2-D͒ data sets, which cover an entire stage, have been used for examining the turbulent flow structures generated by bladewake and wake-wake interactions.…”

“…Resulting complete two-dimensional ͑2-D͒ data sets, which cover an entire stage, have been used for examining the turbulent flow structures generated by bladewake and wake-wake interactions. [15][16][17][18][19] Some of these data are analyzed in this paper.…”