Averageness or symmetry: Which is more important for facial attractiveness?

Komori, Masashi; Kawamura, S; Ishihara, Shigekazu

doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2009.03.008

Cited by 107 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…A straightforward choice for a measure of the amount of overall asymmetry is therefore the Procrustes distance (or squared Procrustes distance) between left and right sides [11,41,53,116,128,129,132,161,162,164] or, for object symmetry, between the original and the reflected and relabeled landmark configurations [110,[244][245][246][247][248][249]. Some researchers made minor adjustments to obtain modified indices of asymmetry, for instance, by dividing by the number of landmarks [245].…”

Section: Individual Measures Of Fluctuating Asymmetry Of Shapementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study using a large combined sample from different Latin American countries, several factors were correlated to facial asymmetry: the strongest correlation was with age, but ethnic ancestry, heterozygosity, body mass index and height, as well as sex also had appreciable and significant effects [108]. Several studies have examined whether facial asymmetry is related to whether faces are rated as attractive by the subjects themselves or by other viewers, and some found a significant association [57,249,295,374], whereas others found no association [102,105] or a weak association only for male but not female faces [247]. Some analyses showed an association between fluctuating asymmetry and facial femininity or masculinity in humans [375], but others did not [102,374], nor was there a correlation between femininity or masculinity of skull shape and fluctuating asymmetry in baboons, chimpanzees, and gorillas [110].…”

Section: Developmental Instability Of Shape In Relation To Stress Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analyzing Fluctuating Asymmetry with Geometric Morphometrics: Concepts, Methods, and Applications

2015

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Approximately two decades after the first pioneering analyses, the study of shape asymmetry with the methods of geometric morphometrics has matured and is a burgeoning field. New technology for data collection and new methods and software for analysis are widely available and have led to numerous applications in plants and animals, including humans. This review summarizes the concepts and morphometric methods for studying asymmetry of shape and size. After a summary of mathematical and biological concepts of symmetry and asymmetry, a section follows that explains the methods of geometric morphometrics and how they can be used to analyze asymmetry of biological structures. Geometric morphometric analyses not only tell how much asymmetry there is, but also provide information about the patterns of covariation in the structure under study. Such patterns of covariation in fluctuating asymmetry can provide valuable insight about the developmental basis of morphological integration, and have become important tools for evolutionary developmental biology. The genetic basis of fluctuating asymmetry has been studied from empirical and theoretical viewpoints, but serious challenges remain in this area. There are many promising areas for further research that are only little explored at present.

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Section: Individual Measures Of Fluctuating Asymmetry Of Shapementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Developmental Instability Of Shape In Relation To Stress Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing Fluctuating Asymmetry with Geometric Morphometrics: Concepts, Methods, and Applications

2015

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“…17 Overall, various studies have investigated the accuracy of landmark localization on CBCT images. Many have found the process both accurate and reproducible 10,[17][18][19] Other studies have investigated linear measurements using CBCT images and support the accuracy of such measures. 15,[20][21][22][23][24][25] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetry assessment using cone beam CT

Sievers¹,

Larson

Gaillard

et al. 2012

The Angle Orthodontist

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Objective: To estimate possible differences in skeletal asymmetry between patients with skeletal Class I and skeletal Class II relationships. Materials and Methods: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were examined from 70 consecutive patients who presented for orthodontic care and fit the inclusion criteria. Asymmetry was quantified using an asymmetry index developed by Katsumata et al. Anatomic landmarks were defined and reference planes were established to determine the asymmetry of the landmarks using a constructed coordinate plane system. Thirty randomly selected patients were reanalyzed to assess the reliability of the method. Results: Statistical analysis did not find any significant relationship between asymmetry and A-P skeletal relationship for any of the landmarks. Asymmetry index scores were reproducible within a certain range of agreement for each landmark. Conclusions: Based on this study, the discrepant jaw growth resulting in a Class II skeletal pattern results in no more skeletal asymmetry than Class I skeletal patterns. (Angle Orthod. 2012;82:410-417.)

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“…A GPA is an analytical method used for multivariate statistical analysis of landmark locations expressed in Cartesian coordinates. This method preserves information about the relative spatial relationships of landmarks throughout the standardization, and that has recently been applied to psychological research on human faces [28], [32].…”

Section: Facial Shape Standardizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The measure of facial asymmetry is based on our previous study [28] in which photographed facial shapes were examined using two dimensional coordinates. The present study extended this measure to assessment of threedimensional facial shapes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetry in Facial Expressions as a Function of Social Skills

Komori

Kamide

Kawamura

et al. 2013

IEICE Trans. Inf. & Syst.

Self Cite

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SUMMARYThis study investigated the relationship between social skills and facial asymmetry in facial expressions. Three-dimensional facial landmark data of facial expressions (neutral, happy, and angry) were obtained from Japanese participants (n = 62). Following a facial expression task, each participant completed KiSS-18 (Kikuchi's Scale of Social Skills; Kikuchi, 2007). Using a generalized Procrustes analysis, faces and their mirror-reversed versions were represented as points on a hyperplane. The asymmetry of each individual face was defined as Euclidian distance between the face and its mirror reversed face on this plane. Subtraction of the asymmetry level of a neutral face of each individual from the asymmetry level of a target emotion face was defined as the index of "expression asymmetry" given by a particular emotion. Correlation coefficients of KiSS-18 scores and expression asymmetry scores were computed for both happy and angry expressions. Significant negative correlations between KiSS-18 scores and expression asymmetries were found for both expressions. Results indicate that the symmetry in facial expressions increases with higher level of social skills. key words: facial expression, facial asymmetry, social skills, landmarkbased 3D shape analysis

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Averageness or symmetry: Which is more important for facial attractiveness?

Cited by 107 publications

References 28 publications

Analyzing Fluctuating Asymmetry with Geometric Morphometrics: Concepts, Methods, and Applications

Analyzing Fluctuating Asymmetry with Geometric Morphometrics: Concepts, Methods, and Applications

Asymmetry assessment using cone beam CT

Asymmetry in Facial Expressions as a Function of Social Skills

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