Aversive and Attractive Properties of Electrical Stimulation for Paramecium Caudatum

Armus, Harvard L.; Montgomery, Amber R.

doi:10.2466/pr0.2001.89.2.342

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In a particular organism, there is no variability in the response seen to that stimulus. An example of Order 1 response is a form of taxis seen in an experiment by Armus and Montgomery (2001). They showed that paramecia approach areas in which a mild shock was delivered.…”

Section: Automatic Ordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Neural Networks Accounted for by Five Instances of “Respondent-Based” Conditioning

Commons¹,

Miller²,

Malhotra³

et al. 2019

IJCP

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Neural Networks may be made much faster and more efficient by reducing the amount of memory and computation used. In this paper, a new type of neural network called an Adaptive Neural Network is introduced. The proposed neural network is comprised of five unique pairings of events. Each pairing is a module and the modules are connected within a single neural network. The pairings are a simulation of respondent conditioning. The simulations do not necessarily represent conditioning in actual organisms. In the theory presented here, the pairings in respondent conditioning become aggregated together to form a basis for operant conditioning. The specific pairings are as follows. The first pairing is between the reinforcer and the neural stimulus that elicits the behavior. This pairing strengthens and makes salient that eliciting neural stimulus. The second pairing is that of the now salient neural stimulus with the external environmental stimulus that precedes the operant behavior. The third is the pairing of the environmental stimulus event with the reinforcing stimulus. The fourth is the pairing of the stimulus elicited by the drive with the reinforcement event, changing the strength of the reinforcer. The fifth pairing is that after repeated exposure the external environmental stimulus is paired with the drive stimulus. This drive stimulus is generated by an intensifying drive. Within each module, a “0” means no occurrence of a pairing A of Stimuli A and a “1” means an occurrence of a pairing A of Stimuli A. Similarly, a “0” means no occurrence of a pairing Band a “1” means an occurrence of a pairing B, and so on for all 5 pairings. To obtain an output one multiplies the values of pairings through E. In one trial or instance, all 5 pairings will occur. The results of the multiplications are then accumulated and divided by the number of instances. The use of these simple respondent pairings as a basis for neural networks reduces errors. Examples of problems that may be addressable by such networks are included.

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Section: Automatic Ordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Neural Networks Accounted for by Five Instances of “Respondent-Based” Conditioning

Commons¹,

Miller²,

Malhotra³

et al. 2019

IJCP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…More recently, Armus and Montgomery (2001) found that cathode shock is attractive to paramecia and can be utilized as reward when conditioning paramecia; they also found that anode shock is aversive. It has been suggested that the attractive quality of the cathode shock is biologically driven by changes in the membrane potential of the paramecium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Retention of Brightness Discrimination in Paramecia, P. Caudatum

Mingee

2010

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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“…In the early 2000s a new series of investigations into paramecia behavior were completed by Armus and his associates. The first of these studies (Armus & Montgomery, 2001) found that if a weak shock, of approximately 6.5 V D.C., were delivered to a single subject located in a small glass trough of distilled water, the cathode area was attractive while the anode area was aversive to paramecia. Recently it has been suggested that the cathode shock is naturally attractive to paramecia because of a change in their membrane potentials.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Retention of a Brightness Discrimination Task in Paramecia, P. caudatum

Mingee

2013

IJCP

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Previous research into the possibility of learning in paramecia in this laboratory has shown that these organisms can learn to go to and remain in a specific location based on cathode shock reinforcement. The present experiment was designed to determine whether paramecia could retain (remember) the learned brightness discrimination task. The results indicate that the retention interval for this task in paramecia is shorter than 1 minute. It is possible that paramecia can remember this task for longer than a second but shorter than the 1-minute interval that was used during test. It is also possible that remembering for more than a few seconds requires a nervous system, which paramecia do not have.

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Aversive and Attractive Properties of Electrical Stimulation for Paramecium Caudatum

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

Adaptive Neural Networks Accounted for by Five Instances of “Respondent-Based” Conditioning

Adaptive Neural Networks Accounted for by Five Instances of “Respondent-Based” Conditioning

Retention of Brightness Discrimination in Paramecia, P. Caudatum

Retention of a Brightness Discrimination Task in Paramecia, P. caudatum

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