Aversive properties of auditory stimuli

Reed, Phil; Collinson, Tim; Nokes, T.

doi:10.1016/0023-9690(95)90000-4

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…It is unclear whether, under the current procedures, contingent houselight illumination functioned as a signal helping to differentiate functional units of behaviors, as a conditioned reinforcer established through some unidentified operation, or as an unconditioned reinforcer. As previously cited, numerous studies have shown that the onset of illumination can function to reinforce responding (e.g., Girdner, 1953;Kish, 1955;Kling, Hurwitz, & Dalhagen, 1956;Marx, Henderson, & Roberts, 1955;Reed, Collinson, & Nokes, 1995;Segal, 1959;Stewart, 1960).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The Reinforcing Effects of Houselight Illumination During Chained Schedules of Food Presentation

Allen¹,

Kupfer²,

Malagodi³

2008

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Pigeons' keypecking was maintained under two- and three-component chained schedules of food presentation. The component schedules were all fixed-interval schedules of either 1- or 2-min duration. Across conditions the presence of houselight illumination within each component schedule was manipulated. For each pigeon, first-component response rates increased significantly when the houselight was extinguished in the first component and illuminated in the second. The results suggest that the increase was not the result of disinhibition or modification of stimulus control by component stimuli, but appears to result from the reinforcement of responding by the onset of illumination in the second component. Additionally, the apparent reinforcing properties of houselight illumination resulted neither from association of the houselight with the terminal component of the chained schedule nor through generalization of the hopper illumination present during food presentation. The results of the present series of experiments are related to previous demonstrations of illumination-reinforced responding and to the interpretation of data from experiments employing houselight illumination as stimuli associated with timeout or brief stimuli in second-order schedules.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The Reinforcing Effects of Houselight Illumination During Chained Schedules of Food Presentation

Allen¹,

Kupfer²,

Malagodi³

2008

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…This termination may serve as the maintaining consequence for the adult behaviour. Such juvenile sounds requesting food have been found to be aversive in humans (Shaw, 1977;Gross et al, 1994), and there is evidence that noise, especially high-pitched noise, can be aversive in some species (Reed et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

A transactional analysis of changes in parent and chick behaviour prior to separation of Herring Gulls (Larus Argentatus): A three-term contingency model

Reed

2015

Behavioural Processes

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The effect of the passage of time on parent-offspring behaviour of urban Herring Gulls (Larus Argentatus) was studied and analysed using a three-term contingency model. A behavioural sequence was initiated by the arrival of a parental adult gull, which would lead to feeding in the chick. However, with the passage of time, and approach of the separation period, this pattern changed. Chicks' begging became more intense, and parent gulls more often withheld food. However, the chicks' begging became directed at a wider range of adults over the observation period. These activities are placed within a three-term contingency model, which may have implications for understanding some behavioural processes involved in parent-offspring separation.

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“…For example, response-contingent light stimuli appear to have intrinsic reinforcing properties for rats in that they maintain responding independently of any association with primary reinforcement (see Reed, Collinson, & Nokes, 1995). If the light employed as a reinforcement signal is diffuse, then rats' rate of responding may be promoted if it acts as a reinforcer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Signaled Reinforcement on Rats' Fixed‐interval Responding

Reed

2003

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Four experiments examined the effect on rats' response rate of presenting a brief (500 ms) stimulus simultaneously with the delivery of food on fixed-interval (FI) schedules. In Experiment 1, reinforcement signals that were spatially diffuse (both tones and lights) elevated rates of responding, but responding was attenuated by localized visual stimuli. The remaining experiments examined the signal-induced potentiation of responding. In Experiment 2, a tone reinforcement signal potentiated response rates on an FI schedule, but attenuated response rates on a variable-interval (VI) schedule. This difference was obtained even though the overall rate of responding was equated on the two schedules before the introduction of the signal. Signal-induced potentiation of responding occurred over a range of FI values employed in Experiment 3. In Experiment 4, presenting a reinforcement signal when high local rates of response had occurred immediately before reinforcement resulted in potentiated rates of responding on an FI schedule. The opposite effect on response rate occurred when the reinforcement signal followed only low local rates of response. These results indicate that a variety of factors influence the effects of a reinforcement signal. They imply, however, that the local rate of response at the time of reinforcement is a key factor in establishing the nature of the signaling effect.

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Aversive properties of auditory stimuli

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

The Reinforcing Effects of Houselight Illumination During Chained Schedules of Food Presentation

The Reinforcing Effects of Houselight Illumination During Chained Schedules of Food Presentation

A transactional analysis of changes in parent and chick behaviour prior to separation of Herring Gulls (Larus Argentatus): A three-term contingency model

The Effect of Signaled Reinforcement on Rats' Fixed‐interval Responding

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