Aversive Training: Long-Term Effects

Hoffman, Howard S.; Fleshler, Morton; Jensen, Philip K.

doi:10.1126/science.138.3546.1269

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…When punishment was discontinued, the gradients grew flatter, at least for two Ss, as the decrement extinguished at 550 mpt and adjacent stimuli. A similar result was obtained by Hoffman, Fleshler, and Jensen (1962) in a continuation of the earlier study, where the birds were retested after two and one half years away from the experimental situation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION OF THE EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT¹

Honig

Slivka

1964

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Three pigeons were trained to respond to seven spectral stimulus values ranging from 490 to 610 m, and displayed in random order on a response key. After response rates had equalized to these values, a brief electric shock was administered when the subject (S) responded to the central value (550 myL) while positive reinforcement for all values was maintained. Initially, there was broad generalization of the resulting depression in response rate, but the gradients grew steeper in the course of testing. When punishment was discontinued, the rates to all values recovered, and equal responding to all stimuli was reattained by two of the Ss. Stimulus control over the effects of punishment was clearly demonstrated in the form of a generalization gradient; this probably resulted from the combined effects of generalization of the depression associated with punishment and discrimination between the punished value and neutral stimuli.This study sought to explore stimulus control over the effects of punishment by obtaining generalization gradients for the decrement in response rate induced by responsecontingent shocks. The general procedure was similar in many ways to the methods which have yielded reliable generalization gradients following acquisition with positive reinforcement (e.g., Guttman and Kalish, 1956). Gradients of response decrement are inverted with respect to the usual gradients of response strength. The effect of punishment on responding to any given stimulus value must be assessed against a baseline of response rates obtained prior to punishment from a number of stimuli lying on the continuum. Gradients of response decrement have been obtained by a similar method around a stimulus associated with extinction (Honig, 1961). With different techniques, other gradients of decrement have been studied for the negative stimulus used in discrimination training (Honig, Boneau, Burstein, and Pennypacker, 1963;Jenkins and Harrison, 1962) and for a stimulus used in association with an unavoidable shock to develop a conditioned suppression (Hoffman and Fleshler, 1961).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION OF THE EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT¹

Honig

Slivka

1964

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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“…It may be that consolidation of cocaine-CPP in our previous study, but not the tone-shock memory in the present study, was disrupted by FN-439 because the cocaine-memory was weaker than the tone-shock memory. A single pairing of tone with shock is effective in forming long-lasting associations that can last for up to 1 yr (Hoffman, Fleshler, & Jensen, 1962; Fanselow and Gale, 2003). However, in our hands, a single pairing of cocaine (12 mg/kg) with a neutral chamber does not produce CPP (data not shown), suggesting that consolidation of the cocaine-associated chamber may be more easily disrupted by FN-439 given during the training (acquisition) period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity disrupts reconsolidation but not consolidation of a fear memory

Brown

Wilson

Cocking

et al. 2009

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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The reconsolidation hypothesis posits that memories that have been reactivated can be either enhanced or disrupted by pharmacological manipulation. Synaptic plasticity is presumed to underlie the reconsolidation process. Matrix metalloproteinases are proteins that regulate the extracellular matrix involved in plasticity events, and these proteins have recently been shown to influence learning and memory. However, all studies on the role of matrix metalloproteinases in learning and memory have employed tasks that rely on contextual cues. The goal of this study was to determine the extent to which FN-439 would disrupt the consolidation and/or reconsolidation of a fear memory associated with a conditioned stimulus that signaled tone-shock pairings and that was independent of contextual cues. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given infusions of FN-439 (35 μg intracerebroventricular) 30 min prior to conditioning (tone-shock paired association) or 30 min prior to a single reactivation session given 24 hr after conditioning. Administration of FN-439 did not disrupt consolidation of the freezing response when the tone (conditioned stimulus) was presented. In contrast, FN-439 infusion disrupted reconsolidation of the fear memory in a reactivation-dependent manner. The reduced freezing behavior was not due to a decrease in general anxiety levels, since FN-439 had no effect on the percent of open-arm time or open-arm entries in an elevated-plus maze task. Thus, we demonstrated for the first time that matrix metalloproteinase inhibition in the brain is capable of disrupting the reconsolidation of a tone-shock association memory that does not depend on contextual cues. The finding that a fear response to a previously paired conditioned stimulus can be disrupted by treatment with an MMP inhibitor during a single reactivation session suggests that this class of compounds may have therapeutic potential for posttraumatic stress disorder and/or simple phobias.

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“…Passamos a desconfiar de tudo e de todos. Não é à toa que a sabedoria popular tem várias maneiras de dizer isso: "gato escaldado tem medo de água fria", "cachorro mordido de cobra tem medo de lingüiça" (para conferir modelos experimentais desses exemplos de generalização de estímulos, ver Hearst, 1960;Hoffman, Fleshler, & Jensen, 1962).…”

Section: Issn 2177-3548unclassified

Animais, às vezes irracionais, mas previsíveis.

Todorov

2017

perspectivas

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A crise econômica que se abateu sobre o mundo em 2008 continua a gerar publicações na imprensa baseadas nas teorias econômicas tradicionais, segundo as quais o homem é um ser que decide racionalmente entre escolhas econômicas. Erros pessoais de escolha seriam aleatórios e não teriam importância para a previsão, baseada em médias de populações. O presente trabalho comenta os avanços da economia que se apóia em novas teorias da psicologia, nas quais as “anomalias” da economia tradicional são previsíveis e controláveis.

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Aversive Training: Long-Term Effects

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION OF THE EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT¹

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION OF THE EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT¹

Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity disrupts reconsolidation but not consolidation of a fear memory

Animais, às vezes irracionais, mas previsíveis.

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Aversive Training: Long-Term Effects

Cited by 7 publications

References 6 publications

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION OF THE EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT1

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION OF THE EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT1

Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase activity disrupts reconsolidation but not consolidation of a fear memory

Animais, às vezes irracionais, mas previsíveis.

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Product

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STIMULUS GENERALIZATION OF THE EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT¹

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION OF THE EFFECTS OF PUNISHMENT¹