Avian Botulism

Rocke, Tonie E.; Bollinger, Trent K.

doi:10.1002/9780470344668.ch21

Cited by 45 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Muhlenberg ex J. Bigelow)] bulrushes reach maturity, they can contribute significantly to the internal loading of nitrogen in the system . Both mature and standing dead plants shade the attached microbial communities, thus reducing the nutrient retentive capacities of those communities (Wetzel, 2000); provide abundant mosquito habitat ; cause low dissolved oxygen levels Smith et al, 2000); contribute to short-circuiting of the water flow (Groeneveld and French, 1995) which can encourage stagnant water areas where avian botulism or avian cholera can thrive (Locke and Friend, 1987), and reduce the diversity of wildlife habitat (Weller, 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of vegetation management in constructed wetland treatment cells on water quality and mosquito production

Thullen

Sartoris

Walton

2002

Ecological Engineering

102

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The impact of three vegetation management strategies on wetland treatment function and mosquito production was assessed in eight free water surface wetland test cells in southern California during 1998-1999. The effectiveness of the strategies to limit bulrush Schoenoplectus californicus culm density within the cells was also investigated. Removing accumulated emergent biomass and physically limiting the area in which vegetation could reestablish, significantly improved the ammonia-nitrogen removal efficiency of the wetland cells, which received an ammoniadominated municipal wastewater effluent (average loading rate = 9.88 kg/ha per day NH 4 -N). We determined that interspersing open water with emergent vegetation is critical for maintaining the wetland's treatment capability, particularly for systems high in NH 4 -N. Burning aboveground plant parts and thinning rhizomes only temporarily curtailed vegetation proliferation in shallow zones, whereas creating hummocks surrounded by deeper water successfully restricted the emergent vegetation to the shallower hummock areas. Since the hummock configuration kept open water areas interspersed throughout the stands of emergent vegetation, the strategy was also effective in reducing mosquito production. Decreasing vegetation biomass reduced mosquito refuge areas while increasing mosquito predator habitat. Therefore, the combined goals of water quality improvement and mosquito management were achieved by managing the spatial pattern of emergent vegetation to mimic an early successional growth stage, i.e. actively growing plants interspersed with open water.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of vegetation management in constructed wetland treatment cells on water quality and mosquito production

Thullen

Sartoris

Walton

2002

Ecological Engineering

102

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“…Invertebrates play an important role in mediating the transfer of toxins from organic materials to wild ducks . The carcass-and-maggot cycle is a well-known scenario through which botulism outbreaks occur in waterfowl (Wobeser, 1997;Rocke and Bollinger, 2007). Botulinum toxin has also been identified in extracts of maggots collected from carcasses that died of botulism (Shayegani et al, 1984).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…data). The causes of the botulism outbreak in the Namdonggongdan reservoir may have been similar to those in wetlands (i.e., shallow water, a decrease in the amount of dissolved oxygen, an increase in the sediment temperature, and decaying organic matter; Rocke and Bollinger, 2007).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Outbreak of Botulism (Clostridium botulinum type C) in Wild Waterfowl: Seoul, Korea

Woo

Kim

Bae

et al. 2010

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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ABSTRACT:Over a 6-day period beginning on 15 October 2008, 93 dead or sick wild waterfowl, including Mallards, Spotbills, and teal species, were found along the shore of a branch stream of the Hangang River, which flows through Seoul, Korea, and were submitted to the National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service (NVRQS) for diagnosis. Clinically, the affected birds showed flaccid paralysis of the legs and wings and paralysis of the neck. Grossly, no bird showed any lesions, but all had almost empty stomachs. Histopathologic findings included mild lymphocytic hepatitis and mild lymphocytic interstitial nephritis. Clostridium botulinum type C toxin was identified in sera collected from the birds using a mouse bioassay for botulinum toxins; however, no bacteria were isolated from any of the affected birds. In addition, a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus was isolated from two Spotbills, and pesticides such as diazinon and phorate, were detected in seven Mallards. The cause of this outbreak is not clear, but an increase in organic materials from sewage due to drought, increased temperatures, and an increased number of aquatic carcasses resulting from pesticide contamination may have increased the replication of C. botulinum, contributing to the release of botulinum toxins into the waterfowl food chain.

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“…On 11 August 2008, unusual numbers of Laysan Duck carcasses were observed around the catchment wetland. Because avian botulism was suspected from field signs (protruberant nictitating membrane, flaccid paralysis of legs, wings, and neck), all wetlands on Midway were searched to remove all carcasses in an attempt to break the carcass-maggot cycle typical of botulism epizootiology (Rocke and Bollinger, 2007) and to collect specimens for diagnostic evaluation. Carcasses collected were grossly classified as ducklings, hatch-year (HY consisting of birds from fledging to independence; $65-70 days), or adults (.1 yr old).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian Botulism: A Case Study in Translocated Endangered Laysan Ducks (Anas Laysanensis) on Midway Atoll

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Klavitter

Reynolds

et al. 2010

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Avian Botulism

Cited by 45 publications

References 113 publications

Effects of vegetation management in constructed wetland treatment cells on water quality and mosquito production

Effects of vegetation management in constructed wetland treatment cells on water quality and mosquito production

Outbreak of Botulism (Clostridium botulinum type C) in Wild Waterfowl: Seoul, Korea

Avian Botulism: A Case Study in Translocated Endangered Laysan Ducks (Anas Laysanensis) on Midway Atoll

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