Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Age Distribution in Humans

Smallman–Raynor, Matthew; Cliff, Andrew

doi:10.3201/eid1303.060849

Cited by 80 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Thus, individuals previously infected with seasonal influenza viruses may be less susceptible than immunogenically naïve subjects to developing severe disease after infection with (pandemic) viruses of a novel subtype (11). This might also explain, at least in part, the disproportionate age distribution of severe cases of infection with influenza A/H5N1 (41) and A/H1N1(2009) (23) viruses, with higher incidences in subjects of young age who had not yet developed robust heterosubtypic immunity after one or more infections with seasonal influenza viruses.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination against Seasonal Influenza A/H3N2 Virus Reduces the Induction of Heterosubtypic Immunity against Influenza A/H5N1 Virus Infection in Ferrets

Bodewes

Kreijtz

Geelhoed-Mieras

et al. 2011

J Virol

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination against Seasonal Influenza A/H3N2 Virus Reduces the Induction of Heterosubtypic Immunity against Influenza A/H5N1 Virus Infection in Ferrets

Bodewes

Kreijtz

Geelhoed-Mieras

et al. 2011

J Virol

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“…Although annual epidemic outbreaks typically affect people with an impaired immune system (e.g., elderly, infants, and immunosuppressed people), severe influenza after HPAIV infection is mostly found in young and middle-aged people (2,3). Human infection cluster of H5N1 outbreaks with an average age of 13.7 and 15.4 y have been reported (4,5).…”

Section: Nfluenza a Virus Infection Causes Severe Disease In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus Infection of the Thymus Interferes with T Lymphocyte Development

Vogel

Haasbach

Reiling

et al. 2010

The Journal of Immunology

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) cause severe disease in humans. Still, the basis for their increased pathogenesis remains unclear. Additionally, the high morbidity in the younger population stays inexplicable, and the recent pandemic H1N1v outbreak in 2009 demonstrated the urgent need for a better understanding about influenza virus infection. In the present study, we demonstrated that HPAIV infection of mice not only led to lung destruction but also to functional damage of the thymus. Moreover, respiratory dendritic cells in the lung functioned as targets for HPAIV infection being able to transport infectious virus from the lung into the thymus. The pandemic H1N1 influenza virus was able to infect respiratory dendritic cells without a proper transport to the thymus. The strong interference of HPAIV with the immune system is especially devastating for the host and can lead to lymphopenia. In summary, from our data, we conclude that highly pathogenic influenza viruses are able to reach the thymus via dendritic cells and to interfere with T lymphocyte development. Moreover, this exceptional mechanism might not only be found in influenza virus infection, but also might be the reason for the increased immune evasion of some new emerging pathogens.

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“…However, our patient was an adult and did not have any mortality risk. An article reported 169 patients confirmed by the WHO and they were commonly children [4]. The mortality rate in our country was lowest compared to other countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

“…In an article published in Indonesia concerning all the AI cases in 2005, all patients with fatal disease presented with bilateral pneumonia and respiratory distress [4,5]. No sign of pneumonia was found in our patient during admission.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%