Avian Influenza (H9N2) Outbreak in Iran

Nili, Hassan; Asasi, Keramat

doi:10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.828

Cited by 146 publications

(118 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Since 1997, H9N2 viruses have been reported in multiple avian species throughout Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Africa (1,2,6,14,15,16,17,18,22,23,28,44,50) and have occasionally been transmitted from poultry to mammalian species, including humans and pigs (5,24,32). Further evidence of an expanded mammalian host range includes efficient replication of H9N2 in experimental mice without adaptation (9).…”

Section: Avian Influenza Viruses Of the H9n2 Subtype Have Seriously Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeography and Evolutionary History of Reassortant H9N2 Viruses with Potential Human Health Implications

Fusaro

Monne

Salviato

et al. 2011

J Virol

151

153

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Avian influenza viruses of the H9N2 subtype have seriously affected the poultry industry of the Far andMiddle East since the mid-1990s and are considered one of the most likely candidates to cause a new influenza pandemic in humans. To understand the genesis and epidemiology of these viruses, we investigated the spatial and evolutionary dynamics of complete genome sequences of H9N2 viruses circulating in nine Middle Eastern and Central Asian countries from 1998 to 2010. We identified four distinct and cocirculating groups (A, B, C, and D), each of which has undergone widespread inter-and intrasubtype reassortments, leading to the generation of viruses with unknown biological properties. Our analysis also suggested that eastern Asia served as the major source for H9N2 gene segments in the Middle East and Central Asia and that in this geographic region within-country evolution played a more important role in shaping viral genetic diversity than migration between countries. The genetic variability identified among the H9N2 viruses was associated with specific amino acid substitutions that are believed to result in increased transmissibility in mammals, as well as resistance to antiviral drugs. Our study highlights the need to constantly monitor the evolution of H9N2 viruses in poultry to better understand the potential risk to human health posed by these viruses.

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Section: Avian Influenza Viruses Of the H9n2 Subtype Have Seriously Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeography and Evolutionary History of Reassortant H9N2 Viruses with Potential Human Health Implications

Fusaro

Monne

Salviato

et al. 2011

J Virol

151

153

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“…Members of the Eurasian lineage jumped into poultry in Asia in the late 1980s causing outbreaks. These outbreaks have occurred in land-based poultry in many countries including China, Iran, Pakistan, Lebanon, Israel and Egypt (Barbour et al, 2006;Davidson et al, 2014;Naeem et al, 1999;Nili & Asasi, 2003), and H9N2 viruses are currently endemic in poultry populations across much of Asia and the Middle East, mainly in chickens, quail and turkeys (Alexander, 2000;Guo et al, 2000;Naeem et al, 1999;Sun et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Replication and transmission of mammalian-adapted H9 subtype influenza virus in pigs and quail

Obadan

Kimble

Rajão

et al. 2015

Journal of General Virology

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Influenza A virus is a major pathogen of birds, swine and humans. Strains can jump between species in a process often requiring mutations and reassortment, resulting in outbreaks and, potentially, pandemics. H9N2 avian influenza is predominant in poultry across Asia and occasionally infects humans and swine. Pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm) is endemic in humans and swine and has a history of reassortment in pigs. Previous studies have shown the compatibility of H9N2 and H1N1pdm for reassortment in ferrets, a model for human infection and transmission. Here, the effects of ferret adaptation of H9 surface gene segments on the infectivity and transmission in at-risk natural hosts, specifically swine and quail, were analysed. Reassortant H9N1 and H9N2 viruses, carrying seven or six gene segments from H1N1pdm, showed infectivity and transmissibility in swine, unlike the wholly avian H9N2 virus with ferretadapted surface genes. In quail, only the reassortant H9N2 with the six internal gene segments from the H1N1pdm strain was able to infect and transmit, although less efficiently than the wholly avian H9N2 virus with ferret-adapted surface genes. These results highlight that ferretadapted mutations on the haemagglutinin of H9 subtype virus do not restrict the ability of the virus to infect swine and quail, and that the ability to transmit in these species depends on the context of the whole virus. As such, this study emphasizes the threat that H9N2 reassortant viruses pose to humans and agricultural species and the importance of the genetic constellation of the virus to its ability to replicate and transmit in natural hosts of influenza.

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“…16 The possibility of disease deterioration due to simultaneous infection of avian H9N2 influenza virus with other bacterial or viral diseases is supposed. Therefore, diagnosis and control of simultaneous infections would be of great help in decreasing economic losses due to avian H9N2 influenza virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the effect of simultaneous infection with E. coli O2 and H9N2 influenza virus on inflammatory factors in broiler chickens

2014

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This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of experimental infection with Escherichia coli O2 and H9N2 influenza virus on inflammatory factors in broiler chickens. A total of 120 oneday-old Cobb broiler chicks were divided randomly to 6 groups. Inoculation program with 10 9 EID50/bird of the A/Chicken/Iran/772/1998 (H9N2) virus and 10 9 CFU/mL/bird of E. coli O2 was carried out as follows: the chicks in group 1 were inoculated with virus and bacteria simultaneously on day 26, group 2 received virus on day 26 and then bacteria 3 days later, group 3 were inoculated with bacteria on day 23 and then virus on day 26, group 4 received only bacteria on day 26, group 5 were inoculated with only virus on day 26 and group 6 served as control. Serum samples were collected from wing vein at days 20, 30, and 40. Sera were examined for inflammatory mediators (TNF-a and INF-γ), acute phase reactants (haptoglobin and serum amyloid A) and gangliosides (total, lipid-bound and protein-bound sialic acids) using validated standard procedures. Among the measured parameters, serum gangliosides showed significant differences between the challenged and control groups in different days post inoculation (P<0.05). Significant increase in serum concentrations of serum sialic acids was observed on the 30 th day in challenged groups. Elevations were found in the concentrations of serum gangliosides on day 40 compared to their first concentrations. The most obvious increase in serum sialic acids was observed in group 1 challenged with avian influenza virus and E. coli O2 simultaneously. Bacterial infected group showed more significant changes in comparison with viral infected one. These findings suggest that serum sialic acids may be a useful indicator of H9N2 avian influenza virus and avian pathogenic E. coli O2 co-infection.

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Avian Influenza (H9N2) Outbreak in Iran

Cited by 146 publications

References 6 publications

Phylogeography and Evolutionary History of Reassortant H9N2 Viruses with Potential Human Health Implications

Phylogeography and Evolutionary History of Reassortant H9N2 Viruses with Potential Human Health Implications

Replication and transmission of mammalian-adapted H9 subtype influenza virus in pigs and quail

Evaluation of the effect of simultaneous infection with E. coli O2 and H9N2 influenza virus on inflammatory factors in broiler chickens

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