Avian influenza in village chickens, its awareness and presence of potential risk practices among rural dwellers

Prevalence of influenza A viruses in livestock and free-living waterfowl in Uganda

“…Influenza A viruses have been detected in waterfowl [ 11 , 21 ], domestic birds and pigs in several parts of Africa [ 4 , 5 ]. Different tropical countries in Africa and Asia have also reported prevalence of antibodies against avian influenza viruses in poultry [ 22 , 23 ] and swine [ 24 , 25 ]. Although isolation of influenza A virus from RT-PCR positive samples in this study was not successful, RT-PCR results provide the first evidence of occurrence of these viruses in waterfowl, poultry and swine in Uganda.…”

Prevalence of Avian influenza H9N2 Virus among Wild and Domesticated Bird Species across Pakistan

“…For this purpose, 0.5% chicken RBCs were used. The 4HA unit (4HAU) and end point titers for H5, H7 and H9 were calculated as described earlier (Allan et al, 1978;Gugong et al, 2012). The HA titers were reciprocal of the highest dilution of serum showing complete inhibition of 4HA unit of the antigen.…”

“…The HA titers were reciprocal of the highest dilution of serum showing complete inhibition of 4HA unit of the antigen. In the last step HI assay was performed for subtyping of AIV according to the procedure described in OIE guidelines manual of 2012 (Allan et al, 1978;Cheema et al, 2011;Gugong et al, 2012).…”

“…The allantoic fluid from each surviving egg was tested for the presence of hemagglutinating agent by using HA test and was further confirmed through virus neutralization (hemagglutination inhibition) test. The samples with no HA was considered negative (Cheema et al, 2011;Gugong et al, 2012).…”

Genetic analysis of polymerase complex (PA, PB1 and PB2) genes of H9N2 avian influenza viruses from Iran (1999 to 2009)

“…Homayounimehr et al (2010) and Soltanialvar et al (2010) have shown that the Iranian isolates possessed amino acid leucine (L) at position 226 instead of glutamine (Q) at the receptor binding site of haemagglutinins (HA) which is similar to A/Quail/HongKong/G1/97 and two human isolates: A/HK/1073/99, A/HK/1074/99 [35][36][37]18] . Amino acid differences in the receptor binding sites of HAs have been shown to be associated with differences in receptor binding specificity [22] .…”