Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Mortality Surveillance

Komar, Nicholas; Olsén, Björn

doi:10.3201/eid1407.080161

Cited by 39 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…24,33 However, within wild ducks, the mortality varied from a few to many, depending on the individual species. 19 Experimentally or in natural cases, the most severe infections in wild ducks were reported in wood ducks (Aix sponsa), tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula), and Eurasian pochards (Aythya ferina), whereas mallards were asymptomatically infected or had low mortality rates. 3,17,19 Intranasal inoculation or contact exposure to the Ck/Kr/06 virus produced fatal infections in all mute swans, all ruddy shelducks, and 1 mandarin duck within 10 DPI or DPE.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19 Experimentally or in natural cases, the most severe infections in wild ducks were reported in wood ducks (Aix sponsa), tufted ducks (Aythya fuligula), and Eurasian pochards (Aythya ferina), whereas mallards were asymptomatically infected or had low mortality rates. 3,17,19 Intranasal inoculation or contact exposure to the Ck/Kr/06 virus produced fatal infections in all mute swans, all ruddy shelducks, and 1 mandarin duck within 10 DPI or DPE. The vascular endothelial tropism (mute swans) and broad distribution of necrotic and inflammatory lesions in multiple visceral organs (mute swans, ruddy shelducks, and mandarin duck) with associated AI viral antigen staining suggest similar pathogenetic mechanisms for disseminated infections, as reported in gallinaceous birds and some other waterfowl infected with various HPAI viruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18,21,29,30,32 The current data are also consistent with field observations and other experimental studies that have shown (1) that swans and ruddy shelducks are highly susceptible to infection and the pathological effects of H5N1 HPAI viruses and (2) that such infections can be lethal, resulting from multiorgan virus replication and associated lesions. 3,4,8,16,17,19,24,26,44,45 In chickens and other gallinaceous species, vascular damage (eg, severe pulmonary edema, congestion, microthrombosis) and viral antigen in the vascular endothelium have been commonly reported and may be responsible for fatal outcome. 40 However, such widespread vascular damage and viral antigen in endothelium have been less commonly reported in waterfowl, most recently in black swans and wood ducks but rarely in domestic Pekin ducks or mallards infected with HPAI viruses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variability in Pathobiology of South Korean H5N1 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Infection for 5 Species of Migratory Waterfowl

2010

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The pathobiology of H5N1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) virus infection in wild waterfowl is poorly understood. This study examined the pathobiology of A/chicken/Korea/IS/06 (H5N1) HPAI in 5 migratory waterfowl species-mute swans (Cygnus olor), greylag geese (Anser anser), ruddy shelducks (Tadorna ferruginea), mandarin ducks (Aix galericulata), and mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos)-following intranasal inoculation or contact exposure, from which all birds became infected. In mute swans, this virus had strong vascular endothelial cell tropism, producing acute severe disease and 100% mortality; the virus was detected in various parenchymal cells; and necrotic and inflammatory changes were noted in a range of organs, including pancreas, brain, spleen, heart, oral cavity, adrenal gland, lung, and liver. The ruddy shelducks had 100% mortality, but time to death was delayed, and the lesions were primarily restricted to the brain, heart, pancreas, and spleen. The mandarin ducks had only a single mortality, with lesions similar to those in ruddy shelducks. The greylag geese became infected, developed neurological signs, and had residual meningoencephalitis when examined at termination but lacked mortality. The mallards had asymptomatic infection. These results indicate variation in the pathobiology of H5N1 virus infections in different species of wild waterfowl, ranging from severe, acute systemic disease with 100% mortality to asymptomatic infection of respiratory and gastrointestinal systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variability in Pathobiology of South Korean H5N1 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Infection for 5 Species of Migratory Waterfowl

2010

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“…The virus has also been associated with significant mortality in wild birds (7,20,21,43). Furthermore, humans and some other species of mammals have contracted the disease by close contact with infected birds (2,10,13,18,34).…”

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confidence: 99%

Persistence of Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Feathers Detached from Bodies of Infected Domestic Ducks

Yamamoto

Nakamura

Yamada

et al. 2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Asian lineage highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) continues to cause mortality in poultry and wild bird populations at a panzootic scale. However, little is known about its persistence in contaminated tissues derived from infected birds. We investigated avian influenza virus (H5N1) persistence in feathers detached from bodies of infected ducks to evaluate their potential risk for environmental contamination. Four-week-old domestic ducks were inoculated with different clades of avian influenza virus (H5N1). Feathers, drinking water, and feces were collected on day 3 postinoculation and stored at 4°C or 20°C. Viral persistence in samples was investigated for 360 days by virus isolation and reverse transcription-PCR. Infectious viruses persisted for the longest period in feathers, compared with drinking water and feces, at both 4°C and 20°C. Viral infectivity persisted in the feathers for 160 days at 4°C and for 15 days at 20°C. Viral titers of 10 4.3 50% egg infectious doses/ml or greater were detected for 120 days in feathers stored at 4°C. Viral RNA in feathers was more stable than the infectivity. These results indicate that feathers detached from domestic ducks infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1) can be a source of environmental contamination and may function as fomites with high viral loads in the environment.

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“…Highly pathogenic H5N1 virus infections of humans have a high human mortality rate, exceeding 60% (18). Such severe infections are difficult to treat with oseltamivir (4).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Double Combinations of Amantadine, Oseltamivir, and Ribavirin on Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infections in Cell Culture and in Mice

Smee

Hurst

Wong

et al. 2009

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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An amantadine-resistant influenza A/Duck/MN/1525/81 (H5N1) virus was developed from the low-pathogenic North American wild-type (amantadine-sensitive) virus for studying treatment of infections in cell culture and in mice. Double combinations of amantadine, oseltamivir (or the cell culture-active form, oseltamivir carboxylate), and ribavirin were used. Amantadine-oseltamivir carboxylate and amantadine-ribavirin combinations showed synergistic interactions over a range of doses against wild-type virus in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell culture, but oseltamivir carboxylate-ribavirin combinations did not. Primarily additive interactions were seen with oseltamivir carboxylate-ribavirin combinations against amantadineresistant virus. The presence of amantadine in drug combinations against the resistant virus did not improve activity. The wild-type and amantadine-resistant viruses were lethal to mice by intranasal instillation. The resistant virus infection could not be treated with amantadine up to 100 mg/kg body weight/day, whereas the wild-type virus infection was treatable with oral doses of 10 (weakly effective) to 100 mg/kg/day administered twice a day for 5 days starting 4 h prior to virus exposure. Drug combination studies showed that treatment of the amantadine-resistant virus infection with amantadine-oseltamivir or amantadine-ribavirin combinations was not significantly better than using oseltamivir or ribavirin alone. In contrast, the oseltamivirribavirin (25-and 75-mg/kg/day combination) treatments produced significant reductions in mortality. The wild-type virus infection was markedly reduced in severity by all three combinations (amantadine, 10 mg/kg/ day combined with the other compounds at 20 or 40 mg/kg/day) compared to monotherapy with the three compounds. Results indicate a lack of benefit of amantadine in combinations against amantadine-resistant virus, but positive benefits in combinations against amantadine-sensitive virus.

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Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) Mortality Surveillance

Cited by 39 publications

References 9 publications

Variability in Pathobiology of South Korean H5N1 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Infection for 5 Species of Migratory Waterfowl

Variability in Pathobiology of South Korean H5N1 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Infection for 5 Species of Migratory Waterfowl

Persistence of Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1) in Feathers Detached from Bodies of Infected Domestic Ducks

Effects of Double Combinations of Amantadine, Oseltamivir, and Ribavirin on Influenza A (H5N1) Virus Infections in Cell Culture and in Mice

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