Avian Influenza Virus Tropism in Humans

Bakar, Umarqayum Abu; Amrani, Lina; Kamarulzaman, Farah; Karsani, Saiful Anuar; Hassandarvish, Pouya; Khairat, Jasmine Elanie

doi:10.20944/preprints202302.0081.v1

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 134 publications

(197 reference statements)

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“…Each HA monomer is synthesized as an inactive precursor protein HA0. The cleavage of HA0 into HA1 and HA2 subunits by a cellular protease is a prerequisite for IAV infectivity and is important for pathogenicity in humans [ 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Kinetics of Influenza A Virus H3N2 Subtypes Circulating in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

et al. 2023

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Presence of a large foreign workforce and the annual gathering of people for pilgrimage from around the globe have significantly contributed to the emergence and diversity of respiratory viruses in Saudi Arabia. Here, we report the sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the H3N2 subtype of influenza A virus (IAV) in clinical samples collected from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Based on RT-PCR, IAV was found in 88 (28.3%) of the 311 samples screened. Of the 88-IAV positive samples, 43 (48.8%) were H1N1 subtype while the remaining 45 (51.2%) were found to be of the H3N2 subtype. Complete sequencing of HA and NA genes of H3N2 revealed, twelve and nine amino acid (AA) substitutions respectively, and importantly, these variations are absent in the current vaccine strains. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the majority of H3N2 strains were grouped in the same clades as the vaccine strains. Importantly, the N-glycosylation sites at AA 135(NSS) were found to be unique to 6 strains in the investigated HA1 protein and were absent in the current vaccine strains. These data may have significant clinical implications in designing novel and population-based vaccines for IAV and underscore the need for regular monitoring of efficacy of vaccines due to emerging variants.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Kinetics of Influenza A Virus H3N2 Subtypes Circulating in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

et al. 2023

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Avian influenza in birds: Insights from a comprehensive review

Ayuti,

Khairullah,

Lamid

et al. 2024

Vet World

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One of the worst zoonotic illnesses, avian influenza (AI), or commonly referred to as bird flu, is caused by viruses belonging to the genus Influenza viruses, which are members of the Orthomyxoviridae family. The harmful effects of AI illness can affect both human and animal health and cause financial losses. Globally, the AI virus lacks political purpose and is not limited by geographical limits. It has been isolated from poultry, wild birds, and captive birds in Asia, North America, Europe, Australia, and South America. Their virulence is divided into highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) and low pathogenic AI (LPAI). The AI virus can also be diagnosed in a laboratory setting using molecular tests like real-time polymerase chain reaction or serological tests like the hemagglutinin inhibition test, agar gel immunodiffusion, antigen detection enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and other immunoassays. The type of AI virus and host species determines the clinical manifestations, severity, and fatality rates of AI. Human infection with AI viruses typically results from direct transmission from infected birds to humans. AI outbreaks in domestic and wild birds are uncommon; however, an infection can pose a significant threat to public, veterinary, and medical health. Successful vaccination reduces the probability of AI H5N1 virus infection in meat and other poultry products and prevents systemic infection in chickens. This review will provide information that can be used as a reference for recognizing the dangers of AI and for preventing and controlling the disease, considering its potential to become a serious pandemic outbreak. Keywords: avian influenza, disease, human health, poultry, virus.

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RNA Modifications in Pathogenic Viruses: Existence, Mechanism, and Impacts

Zou,

Guo,

et al. 2024

Microorganisms

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RNA modification is a key posttranscriptional process playing various biological roles, and one which has been reported to exist extensively in cellular RNAs. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that viral RNAs also contain a variety of RNA modifications, which are regulated dynamically by host modification machinery and play critical roles in different stages of the viral life cycle. In this review, we summarize the reports of four typical modifications reported on viral RNAs, including N6-methyladenosine (m6A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C), N4-acetylcytosine (ac4C), and N1-methyladenosine (m1A), describe the molecular mechanisms of these modification processes, and illustrate their impacts on viral replication, pathogenicity, and innate immune responses. Notably, we find that RNA modifications in different viruses share some common features and mechanisms in their generation, regulation, and function, highlighting the potential for viral RNA modifications and the related host machinery to serve as the targets or bases for the development of antiviral therapeutics and vaccines.

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Avian Influenza Virus Tropism in Humans

Cited by 4 publications

References 134 publications

Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Kinetics of Influenza A Virus H3N2 Subtypes Circulating in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Genetic Diversity and Evolutionary Kinetics of Influenza A Virus H3N2 Subtypes Circulating in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Avian influenza in birds: Insights from a comprehensive review

RNA Modifications in Pathogenic Viruses: Existence, Mechanism, and Impacts

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