Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Birds in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

Kalonda, Annie; Saasa, Ngonda; Nkhoma, Panji; Kajihara, Masahiro; Sawa, Hirofumi; Takada, Ayato; Simulundu, Edgar

doi:10.3390/v12090993

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 118 publications

(130 reference statements)

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“…This virus is from the Orthomyxoviridae family and it has a negative sense RNA. Although infections with this virus are most common among birds [ 55 ], it also affects humans, which originated the 2009 pandemic of H1N1 [ 56 ]. A high hospitalization rate and hospitalization fatality risk are associated with these viruses, especially in developing countries [ 56 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virucidal efficacy of chlorhexidine: a systematic review

et al. 2021

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This study aimed to systematically review the literature about the virucidal efficacy of CHX in comparison to other substances used in the oral cavity. Electronic searches were performed in four databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science). Only studies that presented the following characteristics were included: (1) verified virucidal efficacy of CHX against Herpes Simplex Type-1 (HSV-1), any Influenza, or any human coronavirus (HcoV); and (2) compared the virucidal efficacy of CHX with essential oils (Listerine ® ), quaternary ammonium compounds, povidone-iodine, hydrogen peroxide, negative control substance, and absence of therapy. Two researchers independently selected the studies, extracted data and evaluated the risk of bias. A narrative data synthesis was used. Twenty-five studies were included, of which 21 were in vitro and four were randomized clinical trials (RCT). Studies assessed the virucidal efficacy of CHX against Herpes Simplex Type-1 (HSV-1) (10 studies), Influenza A (InfluA) (4 studies), human coronavirus (HCoV) (4 studies) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) (11 studies). Most studies demonstrated that CHX has a positive virucidal efficacy against HSV-1 and InfluA strains. However, lower efficacy was shown to InfluA strain in comparison to povidone-iodine. Lower to none virucidal efficacy of CHX is expected for HCoV and SARS-CoV-2 strains for in vitro studies. Three RCT demonstrated that CHX was able to significantly reduce the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 for a short period. CHX may present an interesting virucidal efficacy against HSV-1 and InfluA viruses. CHX also presents transient efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 when used as a mouthwash.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virucidal efficacy of chlorhexidine: a systematic review

et al. 2021

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“…This increase in the number of studies could be attributed to the heightened interest in IAV in non-human mammalian species, especially swine, after the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. It is also possible that rigorous sampling and reporting of surveillance activities in non-human mammalian species were absent before the pandemic and more surveillance effort was concentrated on the emergence of H5N1 HPAIV as evidenced by numerous studies conducted in avian species [93]. Furthermore, the discovery of the novel IDV virus in swine in the USA and bat influenza in South America in 2011 could also have contributed to the increased number of studies of IVs in non-human mammalian species after 2011.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A and D Viruses in Non-Human Mammalian Hosts in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Kalonda

Phonera

Saasa

et al. 2021

Viruses

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We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the prevalence and current knowledge of influenza A virus (IAV) and influenza D virus (IDV) in non-human mammalian hosts in Africa. PubMed, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE-WAHIS) were searched for studies on IAV and IDV from 2000 to 2020. Pooled prevalence and seroprevalences were estimated using the quality effects meta-analysis model. The estimated pooled prevalence and seroprevalence of IAV in pigs in Africa was 1.6% (95% CI: 0–5%) and 14.9% (95% CI: 5–28%), respectively. The seroprevalence of IDV was 87.2% (95% CI: 24–100%) in camels, 9.3% (95% CI: 0–24%) in cattle, 2.2% (95% CI: 0–4%) in small ruminants and 0.0% (95% CI: 0–2%) in pigs. In pigs, H1N1 and H1N1pdm09 IAVs were commonly detected. Notably, the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus was also detected in pigs. Other subtypes detected serologically and/or virologically included H3N8 and H7N7 in equids, H1N1, and H3N8 and H5N1 in dogs and cats. Furthermore, various wildlife animals were exposed to different IAV subtypes. For prudent mitigation of influenza epizootics and possible human infections, influenza surveillance efforts in Africa should not neglect non-human mammalian hosts. The impact of IAV and IDV in non-human mammalian hosts in Africa deserves further investigation.

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“…The Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve is located on the East Asian‐Australasian flyway and is famous for an overwintering and stopover habitat for migratory wild birds (Han et al., 2019). Wild birds are generally considered as the natural reservoirs of avian influenza viruses, especially those live‐in wetlands and aquatic environments (Kalonda et al., 2020; Sun et al., 2020). Migratory wild birds that carry AIVs might spread the virus into the stopover habitats via their migratory flyways and might contribute to the global spread of the H5N8 virus (Global Consortium for H5N8 & Related Influenza Viruses, 2016 ; Rohaim et al., 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathological analysis and genetic characterization of the first outbreak H5N8 subtype avian influenza virus isolated from wild swan in Shandong, China

Liu

Dang

et al. 2021

Transbound Emerg Dis

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In January 2021, an outbreak of H5N8 subtype avian influenza was identified from wild mute swans (Cygnus olor) in an overwintering site located within Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve in Shandong, China, for the first time. We sequenced the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genome segments of the virus, named A/mute swan/Shandong/1/2021 (H5N8), and explored the genetic characterization and comparative phylogenetic analysis to track its origin. The wild swans prior to death showed nervous signs accompanied by a twisted neck. The major pathological changes of the heart, lung, trachea, kidney, spleen, and glandular stomach were hemorrhage, and extensive necrotic lesions in the liver and pancreas were also observed. Further analysis of the HA and NA phylogenetic trees generated by H5N8 strains isolated worldwide revealed that the isolate has a close genetic relationship with the H5N8 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) recently isolated in Korea and Japan from 2020 to 2021, suggesting the potential role of mute swans in the global dissemination of the H5N8 subtype AIVs along the migration routes. Therefore, enhanced active surveillance in wild and domestic birds is required to monitor the introduction and spread of the H5N8 subtype AIV by migratory birds in order to decrease the risk of H5N8 outbreaks.

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Avian Influenza Viruses Detected in Birds in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review

Cited by 16 publications

References 118 publications

Virucidal efficacy of chlorhexidine: a systematic review

Virucidal efficacy of chlorhexidine: a systematic review

Influenza A and D Viruses in Non-Human Mammalian Hosts in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Pathological analysis and genetic characterization of the first outbreak H5N8 subtype avian influenza virus isolated from wild swan in Shandong, China

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