Avian Xanthomatosis. Etiology and Pathogenesis

Sanger, V. L.; Lagacé, A.

doi:10.2307/1588214

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…A specific cause for the disseminated coelomic xanthogranulomatosis in these 7 cases was not identified. Avian xanthomatosis is also of uncertain etiology 11,20 but is reported to result from hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia, 23,36 fat-related toxic hydrocarbons in feed, 31 trauma, 11,26 and infection. 35 There was no evidence for an infectious cause in these cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,20,26,27,32,33 Commonly reported cutaneous sites in birds are the neck, wattles, back, distal wings, over the sternum, tibial region, and around the uropygial gland. 11,28,31 If possible, surgical removal is the treatment of choice. 23,26,33 While cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions are most commonly reported in birds, additional documented sites include the oral cavity, 29 conjunctiva, 36 tissues surrounding joints and bone, 9,16,28,38 and the viscera.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Disseminated coelomic xanthogranulomatosis in eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus) and budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Donovan

Garner²,

Phalen

et al. 2021

Vet Pathol

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Xanthogranulomatosis is an inflammatory lesion characterized by lipid-containing macrophages, extracellular lipid, hemorrhage, and necrosis. We describe disseminated intracoelomic xanthogranulomatosis in 5 eclectus parrots ( Eclectus roratus) and 2 budgerigars ( Melopsittacus undulatus). Postmortem, clinicopathologic, and historical case material was reviewed. Ages ranged from 3 to 24 years; there were 5 males and 2 females. Table food was included in the diet of 3/5 cases, and animal products were included in 2/3 cases. Common clinicopathologic abnormalities included leukocytosis (4/5 cases) and elevated concentrations of bile acids (3/4 cases) and cholesterol within 6 months prior to death (2/4 cases). At postmortem examination, all 7 birds had grossly visible, irregular, soft, tan to yellow, amorphous plaques distributed on the surfaces of the viscera and body wall. Histologic evaluation and oil red O stain revealed xanthogranulomatous inflammation with phagocytized and extracellular lipid, necrosis, cholesterol clefts, fibrosis, and mineralization. Infectious agents were not identified with special stains in all cases. Concurrent hepatobiliary disease was present in 6/7 cases, and 6/7 had lipid accumulation within the parenchyma of various visceral organs. Five cases had atherosclerosis of great vessels. We describe a unique form of disseminated coelomic xanthogranulomatosis in 2 psittacine species. This condition should be recognized as a differential diagnosis in cases of disseminated coelomic mass formation and coelomic distension in psittacine birds, particularly in eclectus parrots and budgerigars.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Disseminated coelomic xanthogranulomatosis in eclectus parrots (Eclectus roratus) and budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus)

Donovan

Garner²,

Phalen

et al. 2021

Vet Pathol

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Section: Brief Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,9 They are not true neoplasms but can be locally invasive. 9 In birds, cutaneous xanthomas are typically observed in the cervical region, the wattles, the back, the distal wings, the sternum, the feathered skin over the tibial region, or around the uropygial area. 7,9 Other reports include periarticular xanthomatosis, 1 periosseous xanthogranulomatosis, 7 an oral xanthoma, 8 a conjunctival xanthoma, 10 atypical xanthomatous neoplasia, 3 and tracheal xanthogranulomatosis.…”

Section: Brief Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it was suggested that fat-related toxic hydrocarbons in the feed may have led to the xanthomatous lesions observed. 9 The role of the diet in the development of xanthomatous lesions was investigated by a study performed on a strain of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) susceptible to dietary cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. 2 In these quails, xanthomatous lesions developed after 4 wk of exposure to a high-cholesterol diet.…”

Section: Brief Communicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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SUBCUTANEOUS XANTHOMATOSIS IN A GREAT WHITE PELICAN (PELECANUS ONOCROTALUS)

Girolamo¹,

Mitchell²,

Reyers³

et al. 2014

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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A great white pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus) was referred for assessment of a subacute-onset, nonpainful swelling located in the pectoral region. Physical examination revealed a firm, round, well-circumscribed subcutaneous mass approximately 10 cm in diameter. Cytological evaluation of a fine needle aspirate of the mass was consistent with a mesenchymal tumor. The mass was excised, and a diagnosis of xanthomatosis was made based on histopathologic results. Avian xanthomatosis is a nonneoplastic condition of unknown etiology. Possible causes of this condition include trauma, metabolic or nutritional disorders. Similar lesions were not observed in the nine conspecifics that were fed the same diet and housed in the same enclosure. To our knowledge, this is the first report of xanthomatosis in the family Pelecanidae.

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