Avirulence and lysozyme secretion in Paneth cells after infection of BALB/c mice with oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii strains TgCatCHn2 (ToxoDB#17) and TgCatCHn4 (ToxoDB#9)

Early immune responses and parasite tissue distribution in mice experimentally infected with oocysts of either archetypal or non-archetypal genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii

“…Previous information concerning host–pathogen immune response interactions examined by intraperitoneal inoculations of tachyzoites in mice have been obtained using archetypal strains type III (Tuladar et al ., 2019), type II (Fox et al ., 2016) and type I (Torres et al ., 2013), but less data are available regarding oral infection (Detavernier et al ., 2019). Currently, only a few studies have shown results of the responses between the host immune system with non-archetypal parasites (Meireles et al ., 2015; Lu et al ., 2018; Jin et al ., 2019). To help understand differences in virulence between non-archetypal T. gondii strains, we report here novel information about tissue tropism, morbidity, mortality and the concomitant development of early immune responses of mice following an oral challenge with oocysts of genetically distinct T. gondii genotypes, including two field strains.…”

From Entry to Early Dissemination—Toxoplasma gondii's Initial Encounter With Its Host

“…The vulnerability of T. gondii bradyzoites or sporozoites toward these molecules is largely unknown. A differential effect of oocysts of different genetic backgrounds on Paneth cell-derived lysozyme expression following infection of BALB/c mice was reported (Lu et al, 2018). Likewise, only a single study provided some indirect evidence for an effect of the antimicrobial activity of cryptidins on bradyzoites in the lumen of mice prior to invasion of the epithelial layer (Foureau et al, 2010).…”

Arecanut (Areca catechu L.) Seed Polyphenol-Ameliorated Osteoporosis by Altering Gut Microbiome via LYZ and the Immune System in Estrogen-Deficient Rats

“…14 The LYZ can directly encounter gut commensal microbiota after being secreted by Paneth cells. 15 The altered microorganisms would stimulate the macrophage status and alter the immune system inducing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and other cytokines. 16−18 Studies demonstrated that the inflammation could induce an increase in bone resorption compared to bone formation, 19 and the increased inflammation with estrogen deficiency is linked to osteoporosis.…”

“…Previous studies have shown that the LYZ is distinguished from other antimicrobial peptides and identified a helix–loop–helix bactericidal domain mediating its membrane-permeabilizing action, which directly destroys the bacterial wall with pattern recognition receptors (PRR) . The LYZ can directly encounter gut commensal microbiota after being secreted by Paneth cells . The altered microorganisms would stimulate the macrophage status and alter the immune system inducing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and other cytokines. − …”