Avoidance learning and behavior in patients with addiction

Radell, Milen L.; Ghafar, Farahnaz; Casbolt, Peter; Moustafa, Ahmed A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816979-7.00006-6

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…For instance, reward-driven impulsivity is widely implicated in substance use disorders and behavioral addiction ( Jentsch et al, 2014 ; Maxwell et al, 2020 ). In contrast, while learning to avoid aversive outcomes such as pain is critical to the survival and well-being of organisms, avoidance learning dysfunctions represent a detrimental feature in anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, posttraumatic stress, and substance use disorders ( Radell et al, 2020 ). Thus, characterizing the individual differences both during reward and punishment learning will inform research on the pathophysiology of mental disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Neural Correlates of Individual Differences in Reinforcement Learning during Pain Avoidance and Reward Seeking

Le,

Oba,

Couch

et al. 2024

eNeuro

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Organisms learn to gain reward and avoid punishment through action-outcome associations. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a critical framework to understand individual differences in this associative learning by assessing learning rate, action bias, Pavlovian factor (i.e., the extent to which action values are influenced by stimulus values), and subjective impact of outcomes (i.e., motivation to seek reward and avoid punishment). Nevertheless, how these individual-level metrics are represented in the brain remains unclear. The current study leveraged fMRI in healthy humans and a probabilistic learning go/nogo task to characterize the neural correlates involved in learning to seek reward and avoid pain. Behaviorally, participants showed higher learning rate during pain avoidance relative to reward seeking. Additionally, subjective impact of outcomes was greater for reward trials and associated with lower response randomness. Our imaging findings showed that individual differences in learning rate and performance accuracy during avoidance learning were positively associated with activities of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), mid-cingulate cortex, and postcentral gyrus. In contrast, the Pavlovian factor, a measure of the extent to which action values are influenced by stimulus values, was represented in the precentral gyrus and superior frontal gyrus during pain avoidance and reward seeking, respectively. Individual variation of subjective impact of outcomes was positively predicted by activation of the left posterior cingulate cortex. Finally, action bias was represented by the supplementary motor area (SMA) and pre-SMA whereas the superior frontal gyrus played a role in restraining this action tendency. Together, these findings highlight for the first time the neural substrates of individual differences in the computational processes during RL.Significant StatementLearning how to gain reward and avoid punishment is critical for survival. Reinforcement learning models offer several measures characterizing such learning including learning rate, action bias, Pavlovian factor, and subjective impact of outcomes. Yet, the brain substrates subserving individual differences of these metrics remain unclear. The current study identified the distinct involvement of the anterior, mid, and posterior cingulate cortex, along with the supplementary motor area and superior frontal gyrus in representing distinct learning metrics that influence how individuals learned to initiate or inhibit an action to gain reward and avoid painful outcomes. Our findings help delineate the neural processes which may shed light on action choices, future behavior prediction, and the pathology of mental illnesses that implicate learning dysfunctions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Neural Correlates of Individual Differences in Reinforcement Learning during Pain Avoidance and Reward Seeking

Le,

Oba,

Couch

et al. 2024

eNeuro

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A systematic review of neural, cognitive, and clinical studies of anger and aggression

et al. 2022

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Anger and aggression have large impact on people’s safety and the society at large. In order to provide an intervention to minimise aggressive behaviours, it is important to understand the neural and cognitive aspects of anger and aggression. In this systematic review, we investigate the cognitive and neural aspects of anger-related processes, including anger-related behaviours and anger reduction. Using this information, we then review prior existing methods on the treatment of anger-related disorders as well as anger management, including mindfulness and cognitive behavioural therapy. At the cognitive level, our review that anger is associated with excessive attention to anger-related stimuli and impulsivity. At the neural level, anger is associated with abnormal functioning of the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. In conclusions, based on cognitive and neural studies, we here argue that mindfulness based cognitive behavioural therapy may be better at reducing anger and aggression than other behavioural treatments, such as cognitive behavioural therapy or mindfulness alone. We provide key information on future research work and best ways to manage anger and reduce aggression. Importantly, future research should investigate how anger related behaviours is acquired and how stress impacts the development of anger.

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Avoidance learning and behavior in patients with addiction

Cited by 2 publications

References 90 publications

The Neural Correlates of Individual Differences in Reinforcement Learning during Pain Avoidance and Reward Seeking

The Neural Correlates of Individual Differences in Reinforcement Learning during Pain Avoidance and Reward Seeking

A systematic review of neural, cognitive, and clinical studies of anger and aggression

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