Awareness about the effects of tobacco consumption on oral health and the possibility of smoking behavior among male Saudi schoolchildren

Nazir, Muhammad Ashraf; Almas, Khalid

doi:10.4103/ejd.ejd_300_16

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…It was stated that smoking is highly associated with periodontal diseases such as periodontitis. 26,27 Alcohol consumption and unhealthy dietary habits also increase the occurrence of periodontitis. 27 The important role of psychological factors in the occurrence of periodontitis cannot be ignored as well.…”

Section: Host Immune Response In Periodontitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokines and Chemokines in Periodontitis

et al. 2020

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Periodontitis is a common inflammatory periodontal disease affecting a wide range of population all over the world. The causing bacteria releases chemicals which activate the innate immune system to release proinﬂammatory cytokines contributing to more progression. This activates the acquired immune system leading to more progression of periodontitis. As the immune response goes on, released cytokines and chemokines can damage the periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and alveolar bone. There are many types of cytokines and chemokines in periodontitis. Cytokines are peptide mediators who are responsible for cell signaling and communication. Chemokines are a large subfamily of cytokines having the ability to coordinate leukocyte recruitment and activation. This paper is a narrative review of the literature.This review ensures that inflammatory mediators in the case of periodontitis can cause a noticeable damage in the whole apparatus of the periodontium. It causes soft tissue inflammation and bone damage affected by the mediators of both innate and acquired immune system.The inflammatory process is accompanied by large network of cytokines and chemokines. There is high expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and regulatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-1(RA) receptor antagonist, IL-10, and induced protein (IP)-10. There is also increased production of cytokines IL-10, IL-12, interferon-γ, IP-10, IL-1RA, and IL-4. Cytokines IL-17, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and prostaglandin E2 trigger the osteoclast activity causing bone resorption.

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Section: Host Immune Response In Periodontitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytokines and Chemokines in Periodontitis

et al. 2020

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“…Having information about the annual deaths from smoking and the number of people with lung, breast, skin, bladder cancers or other tumors caused by smoking can be more effective in preventing cigarette consumption. The lack of this information leads to the formation of false beliefs about smoking and to the fact that people do not take the effects of smoking seriously and think that severe illnesses such as cancers are rare [93].…”

Section: Factors Affecting Smoking Behavior In Adolescents In Iranmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and former smokers among adolescents aged 12–17 years in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

et al. 2020

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Background: Smoking, especially among adolescents, is considered a serious public health concern worldwide being associated with increased mortality. The present study was designed as the first systematic review and metaanalysis of the prevalence of current and former smoking behavior among adolescents in Iran. Methods: Seven international scholarly databases, namely Scopus, Embase, Pubmed/Medline, ISI/Web of Science (WOS), the Cochrane Library, Psyc Info and Cinahl, were extensively searched from January 2000 to September 18, 2019. Google Scholar was also mined. Iranian databases were searched as well (namely, MagIran, Scientific Information Database (SID), and Barakatkns). The DerSimonian-Laird's approach, via the Freeman-Tukey double arcsine method, was used to synthesize the prevalence estimates. Results: The prevalence of current smokers among Iranian adolescents was estimated to be 9% (95% CI: 7 to 10). Stratifying based on gender, the prevalence was 12% among boys (95% CI: 10 to 14) and 6% among girls (95% CI: 5 to 8). The prevalence of former smokers among Iranian adolescents using the random-effect model was computed to be 24% (95% CI: 21 to 27). Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that the prevalence of current and former smoking behavior among Iranian adolescents is a relevant public health concern. The country's young population should be given more attention by health policy-and decision-makers and implementation of ad hoc prevention and control policies should be on their agenda.

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“…Although childhood cancers are rare, however, there is a rise in the number of new cancer cases of oral cavity and pharynx in adolescents which are associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in addition to tobacco use [50]. Since smoking is widely prevalent among adolescents, and adverse health consequences of oral cancers are huge and far-reaching.…”

Section: Oral Pre-cancerous Lesions and Cancersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global Prevalence of Tobacco Use in Adolescents and Its Adverse Oral Health Consequences

Nazir

Al‐Ansari

Abbasi

et al. 2019

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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BACKGROUND: Smoking is associated with various systemic conditions and contributes to a huge financial burden to economies around the world. AIM: The study aimed to evaluate global data about the prevalence of tobacco use among male and female adolescents and to discuss smoking-related oral complications. METHODS: The prevalence data of tobacco use among adolescents (13-15 years) was retrieved from the World Health Organization (Global Health Observatory). The World Bank’s statistics about gross national income (GNI) per capita were used to categorise low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and high-income countries. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched to gather updated evidence about the adverse consequences of smoking on oral health among adolescents. RESULTS: The prevalence of tobacco use was 19.33%, and there were 23.29% of male and 15.35% female smoker adolescents in 133 countries (p < 0.001). The highest prevalence of tobacco use in male (24.76%) and female (19.4) adolescents was found in high-income countries. Significantly higher proportions of male adolescents were smokers than female counterparts in low-income, lower-middle-income, and upper-middle-income (p < 0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences in tobacco use between male and female adolescents in high-income countries. Low-income countries had the lowest prevalence (14.95%) of tobacco use, while high-income countries had the highest prevalence estimates (22.08). Gingivitis (72.8%), gingival bleeding (51.2%), oral malodor or halitosis (39.6%) is common oral conditions among smoker adolescents. Smoking habit is significantly associated with dental caries, periodontal disease, hairy tongue, smoking-related melanosis, and hyperkeratosis among adolescents. CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of tobacco use among male and female adolescents around the globe. Available evidence suggests a strong association between smoking and compromised oral health among adolescents. Globally, measures should be taken to prevent and control the menace of tobacco use to reduce systemic and oral complications.

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Awareness about the effects of tobacco consumption on oral health and the possibility of smoking behavior among male Saudi schoolchildren

Cited by 23 publications

References 33 publications

Cytokines and Chemokines in Periodontitis

Cytokines and Chemokines in Periodontitis

Current and former smokers among adolescents aged 12–17 years in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Global Prevalence of Tobacco Use in Adolescents and Its Adverse Oral Health Consequences

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