“…More so, the impact of climate change on FNS is increasingly severe (Maindi et al, 2020;Mullins et al, 2018;Tilahun et al, 2023), while the impact is compounded by the country's socioeconomic, and environmental trends coupled with population growth, limited land and water resources, economic transformation, and challenges in agriculture and the food systems value chain (FAO, 2021). These trends have prompted food security experts to conclude that agriculture and FNS in South Africa will face significant challenges in a world where temperature is continually rising (Akano et al, 2023;Issahaku & Abdulai, 2020;Tione et al, 2022). This prognosis prompted the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as well as other international multilateral organizations to contend that the implementation of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices are crucial for the country in order to enhance FNS (Akpan & Zikos, 2023;Omotayo et al, 2022;Ricart et al, 2022).…”