Awareness of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Among the General Population in 2019: A Survey-based Study in Saudi Arabia

Malak, Mohammed; Basalem, Duaa; Aleiidi, Shahad; Helabi, Nashwa; Almutairi, Meaad; Alhamed, Alya

doi:10.7759/cureus.6651

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In this study, 45.2% of the study participants were aware on female genital mutilation practice. This is lower than the study conducted in Nigeria [22], Kenya [28] and Saudi Arabia [29].This might be due to difference in intervention from country to country and legal level of the country varies. The country needs to more intervention on female genital mutilation in each aspect and awareness should be create in the community.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Community Participation and Challenges in controlling Female Genital Mutilation in A Rural Community of Southwest Ethiopia: A Mixed Study

M¹

2021

Preprint

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Background Female gentile mutilation is all procedures that involving the partial or total removal of external genitalia or other injury to female genital organs. More than 140 million women in the world have undergone female gentile mutilation. In many rural parts of Africa, local communities’ low involvement and existence of diverse challenges during community participation supported to the persistence of female gentile mutilation practices. Community participation can empower and provide local people with opportunity to think and develop solutions for themselves by incorporating local knowledge and skills in the process of taking part. Increasing community participation has power in controlling such challengeable social issue in creating common consensus and sense of responsibility among local community. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the role of community participation and challenges in controlling the female genital mutilation in rural community of southwest Ethiopia. Methods A community based cross sectional study was conducted from November 1–30, 2020 in southwest Ethiopia among 403 study participants. A multi-stage stratified sampling technique was used and the study participants was selected systematically after proportional allocation to size was done. The data were collected in both qualitative and quantitate approach so focused group discussion, key informant interview and face-to-face interview was used to collect data respectively. Results The response rate of the study was 91.3% of them completed the interview. From this as the total response rate indicated that 65.8% females and 34.2% male responded. The result indicated that among participant females 79.27% circumcised. From the participant, 70.1% of respondents not support community participating in control of female genital mutilation. The result of this study indicates that majority, 92.2% of the respondents believe (M = 4.48, SD = 0.639) that community participation can help the actors to left female genital mutilation practice in the community. The influence of community participation in making decision to left circumcision of once daughter in the future. The result revealed that 45.0% and 44.4% of respondents perceive (M = 4.34, SD = 0.661) community participation influence the future actions of an individual can be high and very high respectively. The challenges identified in the current study were changing tradition of female circumcision from public to secrecy, lack of decision making among local people, lack of open discussion among rural community, submissive participation by women in FGM controlling process, intervention of local administration and preference of donors’ problems. Conclusion and recommendations: The practice of FGM in the study are high since the goal of sustainable development goal is zero. Lowe attitude and perception towards female genital mutilation is study area. Majority of FGM practice was done health professionals in secret way. This implies that more intervention is needed for the reduction of its practice. The government should work with the community and should consider culturally appropriate and socially acceptable policies and strategy to reduce the practice.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Community Participation and Challenges in controlling Female Genital Mutilation in A Rural Community of Southwest Ethiopia: A Mixed Study

M¹

2021

Preprint

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“…The PRISMA flowchart (Figure 1) was followed to identify relevant articles. A total of 34 items/articles (records) were identified using the search terms, and 13 retrievable articles [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] that met the inclusion criteria were included in the systematic review. Out of a total of 631 pregnant women, 27% had type III FGM and underwent delivery with defibulation, and 73% did not have FGM and underwent delivery without defibulation.…”

Section: Results Of Literature Searchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These consequences can be related to physical, psychological, reproductive, and sexual health [19][20][21]. A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study conducted in Saudi Arabia reported that over two-thirds of the study participants were aware of the health-related complications of FGM [4]. The occurrence and severity of the adverse events due to FGM are dependent upon many factors, including the hygiene of the environment, the skills of the person performing the procedure, the resistance of the child, and how susceptible the victim is to infections [21].…”

Section: Effects and Complications Of Female Genital Mutilationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female Genital Mutilation in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review

Almeer¹,

Almulla²,

Almugahwi³

et al. 2021

Cureus

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Female genital mutilation (FGM) or circumcision refers to the unnecessary procedure that damages or removes the external genitalia of females. It is mostly practiced in African countries and some Asian regions, particularly the Middle East, and is performed because of cultural, religious, and social reasons. FGM can negatively affect the lives of women and lead to devastating consequences, ranging from immediate to long-term complications. These complications can be in the physical, psychological, reproductive, or sexual health domains. In this systematic review, we aim to highlight the prevalence and practice of FGM in Saudi Arabia. We conducted a literature search at PubMed to identify studies related to the practice of FGM reported from Saudi Arabia. The results indicate that FGM can still be found in Saudi Arabia both in Saudi women and non-Saudi residents. Most of the non-Saudi women with FGM were Sudanese, Somali, Eritrean, and Egyptian. FGM is prevalent in regions such as Jeddah and Hali, Al Qunfudhah Governorate, Saudi Arabia. FGM is considered illegal in most countries around the world. However, in Saudi Arabia, there is no clear and specific law against the practice of FGM. More research on the practice of FGM in Saudi Arabia needs to be conducted to get a better grasp of the true nature of the problem in the country, which could potentially lead to specific and clear legislation that would prevent the social evil of FGM in Saudi Arabia.

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“…The short-term physical complications include; severe pain, swelling of genital tissue, infection or tetanus due to unhygienic conditions and unsterilized instruments, fever, acute haemorrhage and related haemorrhagic shock and death, failure to wound healing, acute urine retention and related urinary tract infection, damage to adjacent tissue of the vagina, urethra and rectum, fracture or dislocation of femur or humerus and serious psychosocial and sexual function impairments (1,2). The long-term consequences include; recurrent/chronic urinary tract, pelvic and vaginal infections, painful urination, incontinence, female sexual dysfunctions (dyspareunia, reduced sexual sensitivity, female orgasmic disorders, vaginismus, vaginal penetration di culties), menstrual problems (dysmenorrhoea, haematocolpos), infertility, keloid scar, epidermoid inclusion cyst and neuroma of the clitoris, abscesses on the vulva, vesico-vaginal or recto-vaginal stulae, childbirth complications (post-partum haemorrhage, deep tearing of the perineum, prolonged and obstructed labour, stula, inertia or rupture of the uterus, increased risk of emergency caesarean section and maternal death), perinatal risks (need to resuscitate, stillbirth), pelvic organe prolapse, need later surgeries (dein bulation, clitoral reconstruction, urogynecological procedures), psychological consequences (depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder) (1)(2)(3)(4)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16). All these risks increase with the severity of the FGM/C procedure (16).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Sudan and Subsequent Pelvic Floor Dysfunction.

Birge¹,

Serin²,

Bakır³

2021

Preprint

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Background: We aimed to evaluate the socio-demographic characteristics of women with female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and the results of FGM/C due to pelvic floor dysfunction.Results: The prevalence of FGM/C was 87,2% in Sudan and Type 3 (50.4%) was the most prevalent. Type 3 (50.4%) was the most prevalent, followed by Type 2 (35%) and Type 1 (8.5%). In the multinominal logistic regression analysis performed for the effect of FGM/C alone on pelvic organ prolapse, it was observed that FGM/C in group 2 was not statistically different when the reference category was taken as group 1. In the evaluation for symptomatic POP (group 3), compared to type 3 FGM/C, there was a significantly less risk of developing POP in patients without FGM/C at a rate of 82.9% (OR(odds ratio): 0,171 (p:0,002), (Confidence Interval (CI) %95; 0,058-0,511), in patients with type 1 FGM/C at a rate of 75% (OR:0,250 (p:0,005), CI %95; 0,094-0,666) and in patients with type 2 FGM / C at a rate of 78.4% (OR:0,216 (p:0,0001), CI%95; 0,115-0,406). In the multinominal logistic regression analysis performed by including other variables affecting POP when group 1 was taken as the reference category, we found that the possibility of developing mild POP (group 2) decreased in FGM/C type 1 and 2 compared to FGM/C type 3 but it was not statistically significant. However, the evaluation for symptomatic POP showed up a significantly lower risk of developing POP in patients with type 2 FGM/C at a rate of 58.4%, compared to type 3 FGM/C (OR:0,416 (p:0,016), CI%95; 0,205-0,847). In addition, older age and being unemployed were found to be significant risk factors for increasing symptomatic POP (p:0,004, p:0,045; respectively).Conclusions: Female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) defined by the World Health Organization and consists of all procedures that involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or another injury to the female genital organs whether for cultural or other non-medical reasons. Especially type 2 and 3 FGM/C continues to be an important health problem in terms of complications that may develop in advanced ages as well as many short-term complications as a result of mechanical or physiological deterioration of the female genital anatomy.

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Awareness of Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Among the General Population in 2019: A Survey-based Study in Saudi Arabia

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

Community Participation and Challenges in controlling Female Genital Mutilation in A Rural Community of Southwest Ethiopia: A Mixed Study

Community Participation and Challenges in controlling Female Genital Mutilation in A Rural Community of Southwest Ethiopia: A Mixed Study

Female Genital Mutilation in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review

Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Sudan and Subsequent Pelvic Floor Dysfunction.

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