“…Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have gained significant attention due to their distinctive characteristics such as high performance at low weight, corrosion resistance, ease of transportation and application, and tailorability (Balla et al, 2023;Liu et al, 2022;Saafi, 2000;Zhang et al, 2017). A considerable amount of literature has been published on the use of FRP in construction Page 2 of 23 Altunişik et al Int J Concr Struct Mater (2023) 17:55 applications and exhibits the performance of FRP under various loading conditions along with different structural materials (Abdullah & Bailey, 2018;Alotaibi et al, 2022;Ghazizadeh et al, 2018;Kim, 2019;Li & Harries, 2018;Lin et al, 2022;Louk Fanggi & Ozbakkaloglu, 2015;Muc et al, 2020;Noël, 2019;Sun et al, 2022;Wei et al, 2019). Properties such as the type of resin, fiber, and fiber placement are the main contributors to the performance of FRPs.…”