Axial Rotation and Lateral Bending in the Normal Lumbar Spine Measured by Three-Dimensional Radiography

Pearcy, Mark J.; Tibrewal, Saket

doi:10.1097/00007632-198409000-00008

Cited by 346 publications

(192 citation statements)

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“…Studies by Pearcy et al [2,6], using biplanar radiography of volunteers in an erect position, have reported smaller segmental ranges of motion in lateral flexion than the current study, but greater ranges at L5-S1 and L1-2. This difference may reflect supine positioning within the confines of the MRI in which the pelvis and lower limbs were stabilised, whilst lateral flexion was induced via shoulder and thoracic spine movement.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

“…Segmental rotation ranges were small by comparison to previous studies [6]. This finding most likely reflects subject positioning into lateral flexion where rotation was only a secondary response.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

“…Earlier studies on intersegmental range [6,7] provide limited insight into the mechanics of side flexion. Little consideration is given to the effect of side flexion on the intervertebral disc (IVD).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nucleus pulposus deformation in response to lumbar spine lateral flexion: an in vivo MRI investigation

Fazey

Takasaki²,

Singer

2010

Eur Spine J

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Whilst there are numerous studies examining aspects of sagittal plane motion in the lumbar spine, few consider coronal plane range of motion and there are no in vivo reports of nucleus pulposus (NP) displacement in lateral flexion. This study quantified in vivo NP deformation in response to side flexion in healthy volunteers. Concomitant lateral flexion and axial rotation range were also examined to evaluate the direction and extent of NP deformation. Axial T2-and coronal T1-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI) were obtained from 21 subjects (mean age, 24.8 years) from L1 to S1 in the neutral and left laterally flexed position. Images were evaluated for intersegmental ranges of lateral flexion and axial rotation. A novel methodology derived linear pixel samples across the width of the disc from T2 images, from which the magnitude and direction of displacement of the NP was determined. This profiling technique represented the relative hydration pattern within the disc. The NP was displaced away from the direction of lateral flexion in 95/105 discs (p \ 0.001). The extent of NP displacement was associated strongly with lateral flexion at L2-3 (p \ 0.01). The greatest range of lateral flexion occurred at L2-3, L3-4 and L4-5. Small intersegmental ranges of axial rotation occurred at all levels, but were not associated with NP displacement. The direction of NP deformation was highly predictable in laterally flexed healthy lumbar spines; however, the magnitude of displacement was not consistent with the degree of intersegmental lateral flexion or rotation.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 68%

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Nucleus pulposus deformation in response to lumbar spine lateral flexion: an in vivo MRI investigation

Fazey

Takasaki²,

Singer

2010

Eur Spine J

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“…Thoracic cage movements (main motion rotations and translations) cause specific lumbar spine coupled motion [12,15,18,22,40,43,46,51,52].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rotational thoracic cage postures (axial, lateral bending, flexion-extension main motions) have been studied for their affects on the lumbar spine (coupled motions), [12,15,24,40,43,46,48,51,52] while the translations (left-right, up-down, forward-backward) of the rib cage have received less attention in the literature [18,22,23,47].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of a computer analysis to determine 3-D rotations and translations of the rib cage in upright posture from three 2-D digital images

Harrison

Janik²,

Cailliet

et al. 2006

Eur Spine J

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IntroductionHuman thoracic cage posture has been of interest since ancient times, especially deformities of the rib cage [20,25,35,36,45]. In his classic texts, Breig [8][9][10] showed that human postures can cause adverse mechanical tension on the central nervous system, thus correlating abnormal posture with disease. During the past century, thoracic posture (axial translation) has been associated with the treatment of disc degeneration and prolapse [13,37,50]. Abstract Since thoracic cage posture affects lumbar spine coupling and loads on the spinal tissues and extremities, a scientific analysis of upright posture is needed. Common posture analyzers measure human posture as displacements from a plumb line, while the PosturePrintä claims to measure head, rib cage, and pelvic postures as rotations and translations. In this study, it was decided to evaluate the validity of the PosturePrintä Internet computer system's analysis of thoracic cage postures. In a university biomechanics laboratory, photographs of a mannequin thoracic cage were obtained in different postures on a stand in front of a digital camera. For each mannequin posture, three photographs were obtained (left lateral, right lateral, and AP). The mannequin thoracic cage was placed in 68 different single and combined postures (requiring 204 photographs) in five degrees of freedom: lateral translation (Tx), lateral flexion (Rz), axial rotation (Ry), flexion-extension (Rx), and anteriorposterior translation (Tz). The PosturePrintä system requires 13 reflective markers to be placed on the subject (mannequin) during photography and 16 additional ''click-on'' markers via computer mouse before a set of three photographs is analyzed by the PosturePrintä computer system over the Internet. Errors were the differences between the positioned mannequin and the calculated positions from the computer system. Average absolute value errors were obtained by comparing the exact inputted posture to the PosturePrintä's computed values. Mean and standard deviation of computational errors for sagittal displacements of the thoracic cage were Rx=0.3±0.1°, Tz=1.6±0.7 mm, and for frontal view displacements were Ry=1.2±1.0°, Rz=0.6±0.4°, and Tx=1.5±0.6 mm. The PosturePrintä system is sufficiently accurate in measuring thoracic cage postures in five degrees of freedom on a mannequin indicating the need for a further study on human subjects.

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Movements at the low back during normal walking

et al. 2004

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We present a technique for measuring the kinematics of the functional low back during normal gait. We have used a similar technique previously to measure low back movement simultaneously with hip, knee, and ankle movement during the toe-touching manoeuvre. We noted that movements at the low back were biphasic. The greatest low back movements were found to occur in the transverse plane (mean = 23 degrees), whereas a mean of 17 degrees movement occurred in the coronal plane and only 5 degrees movement in the sagittal plane. These findings confirm, using a non-invasive technique, that there are significant ranges of movement at the low back during walking and lend some support to the theory that rotational movement at the low back is a major component of human locomotion.

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Axial Rotation and Lateral Bending in the Normal Lumbar Spine Measured by Three-Dimensional Radiography

Cited by 346 publications

References 0 publications

Nucleus pulposus deformation in response to lumbar spine lateral flexion: an in vivo MRI investigation

Nucleus pulposus deformation in response to lumbar spine lateral flexion: an in vivo MRI investigation

Validation of a computer analysis to determine 3-D rotations and translations of the rib cage in upright posture from three 2-D digital images

Movements at the low back during normal walking

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