Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis of Colon Cancer—Case Report and Literature Review

Devesa, Helena; Pereira, Luı́sa; Gonçalves, Álvaro; Brito, Telma Rodrigues; Almeida, Teresa; Torres, Rui; Midões, Alberto

doi:10.4236/crcm.2014.312141

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In CRC, ~60% of patients have unresectable or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis (2). The lymph nodes and liver are common sites of metastasis in metastatic (m)CRC (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiogenesis in primary colorectal cancer and matched metastatic tissues: Biological and clinical implications for anti‑angiogenic therapies

Yin

et al. 2020

Oncol Lett

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Metastasis remains a notable issue in patients with newly diagnosed colorectal carcinomas (CRC). Although anti-angiogenic therapies target metastatic diseases, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) status are routinely evaluated in primary tumors as metastatic sites are infrequently biopsied. The present study aimed to investigate the expression and significance of HIF-1α, VEGF and microvascular density (MVD) in primary tumors and corresponding metastatic CRC tissues. HIF-1α, VEGF and CD34 status were analyzed via immunohistochemistry analysis in 46 patients who underwent surgical resection of primary CRC (35 colon and 11 rectum) and matched metastases (lymph node and liver metastases) in Shandong Cancer Hospital. The association between selected biomarker status and clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed, and expression levels in primary tumors and corresponding metastases were compared. A total of 46 paired colorectal primary tumor and synchronous metastases samples were acquired for analysis using a standardized HIF-1α, VEGF and CD34 immunohistochemical procedure. The results demonstrated that the positive rates of HIF-1α and VEGF in primary CRC were 70 and 73.9%, respectively. HIF-1α (60.9%) and VEGF (58.7%) expression decreased in the lymph metastatic samples compared with primary CRC. Conversely, the level of MVD in primary tumors was significantly higher compared with metastatic tumors. No significant differences were demonstrated between HIF-1α and VEGF expression and the different clinicopathological features in primary CRC and corresponding metastases. Primary carcinomas and matched metastatic tissues demonstrated a moderate level of consistent immunoreactivity for HIF-1α and VEGF. HIF-1α, VEGF and CD34 were expressed in both primary tumors and corresponding metastases of CRC, suggesting that they may be involved in the development of metastasis. HIF-1α and VEGF expression in primary sites was consistent with that observed in metastases; however, it varied from that exhibited in MVD. The current analysis will improve the current understanding of the metastasis models and provide further evidence for evaluating the response to HIF-1α and VEGF inhibitors.

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“…In CRC, ~60% of patients have unresectable or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis (2). The lymph nodes and liver are common sites of metastasis in metastatic (m)CRC (3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Angiogenesis in primary colorectal cancer and matched metastatic tissues: Biological and clinical implications for anti‑angiogenic therapies

Yin

et al. 2020

Oncol Lett

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“…Colorectal cancer ( CRC ) commonly metastasizes to local draining lymph nodes, liver, lungs, peritoneum, ovaries, central nervous system, bone, kidneys. In addition, it can metastasize to rare sites as hilar lymph nodes, mediastinal lymph nodes, axial lymph nodes, breast, adrenal glands, skin and muscles [ 2 , 3 , 5 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Colon cancer usually metastasizes through the lymphatics channels which parallel the arterial distribution, and almost all lymphatic drainage from colorectal cancer eventually ends in the thoracic duct via cisterna chyli [ 5 ]. However, this mechanism of metastasis does not explain the pathway of metastasis in our case.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ischiorectal fossa metastasis from colon cancer: Case report of a rare entity and review of literature

Alzamil

AlQattan

Alanazi

et al. 2021

International Journal of Surgery Case Reports

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Introduction and importance Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers both nationally and internationally. It commonly metastases to local lymph nodes, liver and lungs, with few reported cases of rare sites of metastasis such as adrenal glands, breast and skin. Case presentation We report a 55-year-old-female admitted as case of large bowel obstruction and unintentional weight loss. Computed tomography scan of chest, abdomen and pelvis (CT CAP) showed sigmoid colon circumferential thickening with three lesions in the right hemi-liver. A laparoscopic diverting ileostomy followed by a colonoscopy showed a sigmoidal mass consistent with adenocarcinoma on histopathology. Hence, she received neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by hepatectomy for the liver metastasis. Post-operatively CT CAP showed a newly developed right ischiorectal fossa (IRF) nodule along with newly developed porta hepatis lymph node. PET scan showed uptake in these two new lesions. Therefore, the patient underwent resection of the primary tumor, porta hepatis lymph node and right ischiorectal fossa nodule excision. The histopathology of the primary tumor came as moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with both ischiorectal lesion and the porta hepatis nodule being positive for metastatic disease. Clinical discussion & conclusion Ischiorectal fossa tumors are extremely rare with the majority being benign in origin. Nevertheless, the possibility of metastasis is there with no clear explanation regarding the pathway of how the metastatic cells can reach the IRF. Pre-operative diagnosis is important to determine the appropriate approach particularly if the mass is thought to be malignant. Further larger studies are needed to understand the pathway of metastasis to IRF.

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Pathological significance of fibroblast activation protein and its association with angiogenesis in colorectal carcinoma

Shabana

Abbas

El-Sharkawy

et al. 2021

Journal of the Arab Society for Medical Research

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Background/aim Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) as one of the complex tumor environment is expressed in activated fibroblasts and associated with poor prognosis in cancer. FAP expression in colon cancer lacks sufficient evidence to serve a significant role in angiogenesis. This study aimed to clarify the association of FAP expression with angiogenesis in the prognosis of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Materials and methods A total of 50 biopsies of CRC were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for investigating FAP expression and microvascular density (MVD) using CD34 protein. In terms of FAP-positive cells and FAP staining intensity, tumors were classified as high and low expression. With respect to tumor vascularity, cases were classified into hypovascular tumors and hypervascular ones. Both of FAP expression and MVD were correlated with histological tumor grade, stage, and lymph node metastases and also with each other. Results FAP expression was significantly higher in malignant cases than normal nontumor tissue samples. The percentage of FAP-positive cells was significantly correlated with grade, T-stages, and lymph node metastases, while FAP intensity was significantly associated with high tumor stage only. Hypervascularity was significantly correlated with high T-stages and lymph nodes metastasis. A significant correlation was found between FAP expression percentage and MVD. Conclusion This study indicates that FAP is overexpressed in primary CRC and is associated with poor prognosis. The authors suggested that FAP may be used as a prognostic marker and could be reliable for predicting the angiogenic activity of CRC. Further studies are recommended applying FAP as a diagnostic marker for CRC and for evaluating its promising role as an excellent target for antitumor therapy.

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Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis of Colon Cancer—Case Report and Literature Review

Cited by 3 publications

References 8 publications

Angiogenesis in primary colorectal cancer and matched metastatic tissues: Biological and clinical implications for anti‑angiogenic therapies

Angiogenesis in primary colorectal cancer and matched metastatic tissues: Biological and clinical implications for anti‑angiogenic therapies

Ischiorectal fossa metastasis from colon cancer: Case report of a rare entity and review of literature

Pathological significance of fibroblast activation protein and its association with angiogenesis in colorectal carcinoma

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