Axillary pH and influence of deodorants

Stenzaly-Achtert, S.; Schölermann, A.; Schreiber, Jörg; Diec, K. H.; Rippke, Frank; Bielfeldt, S.

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0846.2000.006002087.x

Cited by 28 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…These parts are prone to infections or high-density colonization by microorganisms. Many deodorants are developed to control armpit microflora and, because of this [64], body odor, by decreasing skin pH to a value around 5.5 [58]. Whether this claimed activity is due to a direct effect of acidic pH on bacteria and body odor is, however, not obvious.…”

Section: Role Of the Skin Ph Ph And Skin Microfloramentioning

confidence: 99%

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EEMCO Guidance for the in vivo Assessment of Skin Surface pH

Parra¹,

Paye²

2003

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

186

181

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The pH of the skin follows a sharp gradient across the stratum corneum (SC), which is suspected to play an important role in controlling the enzymatic activities involved in cellular metabolism and renewal. This gradient is maintained by several systems, such as sweat and sebum secretion and degradation as well as cellular metabolism. At the surface of the skin, what is measured is in fact an apparent skin pH due to extracted material from the SC diffusing into water applied at the surface. pH values recorded at the surface of a semi hydrophobic milieu such as the SC should be interpreted with great caution because it is obvious that hydrogen ions are not in a pure solution at the surface of the skin. For a correct measurement of skin surface pH, it is recommended to follow all practical operating conditions. Care must be taken in identifying the skin site, healthy controls (age, gender, skin type), the time of day of the measurement and the environmental conditions. Also, subjects should receive precise instructions before the test, mainly in terms of hygiene procedure or use of topical products. The interpretation of data should not overlook the fact that even small differences in pH may reflect significant modifications at the molecular level. Although it is usually agreed that the pH of the skin surface may influence the cutaneous microflora, much remains to be learnt about the role of the acid mantle of the skin with regard to defensins and other protective mechanisms.

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Section: Role Of the Skin Ph Ph And Skin Microfloramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…data]. Deodorants containing pH-regulatory ingredients and other topical products have been reported to affect the skin surface pH, at least for a few hours [58,59]. However, little is currently known about possible physiologic consequence(s) of such changes.…”

Section: Exogenous Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

EEMCO Guidance for the in vivo Assessment of Skin Surface pH

Parra¹,

Paye²

2003

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

186

181

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“…Shaving the hairy armpit vault markedly reduces the body surface enriched in micro-organisms, thus limiting the area releasing the odorous volatile compounds. Decreasing the skin pH has been claimed to improve the efficacy of some deodorants [41,48]. Other variables involved in body odour control are similar to those described for antiperspirants [49].…”

Section: Factors Influencing Efficacymentioning

confidence: 65%

“…In these respects, there is a concentration-dependent antiperspirant efficacy of metal salts up to a plateau value corresponding to a saturation effect. At equal molar concentrations, most aluminium salts exhibit greater antiperspirant efficacy with decreasing pH [41,42].…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EEMCO Guidance for the Efficacy Assessment of Antiperspirants and Deodorants

Pierard

Elsner²,

Marks³

et al. 2003

Skin Pharmacol Physiol

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Overproduction of sweat, sweaty skin and body odours are unpleasant for many social groups. Body cleansing products are designed to combat these undesirable features of skin. In addition, antiperspirant and deodorant products are more specifically used in the underarm site by a large part of the adult population. Antiperspirants are offered to control emotionally triggered sweating in the armpit. Deodorants are designed to combat malodour generated from bacteria-modified sweat. This review summarizes the physiology of eccrine, apocrine and apoeccrine sweat glands. The mechanisms of action of antiperspirants and deodorants are described as well as the factors influencing their efficacies. A series of tests using various measurement methods can be used to demonstrate the efficacy of antiperspirants. These include the gravimetric method, water evaporation quantification, electrodermal measurements, staining procedures, dye injections and cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings and casting replicas. Deodorant efficacy can be evaluated by sensory assessments performed by an expert panel. Indirect support is provided by visualization of apocrine gland excretion and collection of sweat and volatile compounds. Microbiological assessments and chromatographic analysis also provide indirect information.

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“…Stenzaly-Achtert et al showed that there are pH differences in different body regions and revealed the correlation between a high skin pH and the growth of several microorganisms that produce malodor [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significant Reduction of Body Odor in Older People with a pH 4.0 Emulsion

et al. 2015

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Abstract:The impact of increasing age on body odor has become an important issue as our understanding of underlying skin changes in older people has increased. Therefore, cosmetic skin products especially for the needs of the elderly are of growing importance. This randomized single-blind crossover study assessed the deodorizing efficacy of two cosmetic products with different pH values on the age-specific odor of an elderly female subject panel (≥60 years). The two test products, adjusted to pH 4.0 and pH 5.8 were applied to the axillae once daily for three consecutive days after standardized washing of the axillae. The untreated axilla was used as a control. Six odor judges evaluated the efficacy of both products. Additionally, bactericidal and fungicidal activity was investigated with in vitro microbiologic tests. The pH 4.0 water in oil (W/O) emulsion significantly reduced axillary malodor in 44 elderly subjects at 8 and 24 h after treatment, compared with controls (untreated axillae) (p < 0.001 after 8 and 24 h), whereas pH 5.8 emulsion had no effect (p = 0.441 after 8 h; p = 0.425 after 24 h). Moreover, the pH 4.0 emulsion reduced axillary malodor at 8 and 24 h after treatment, compared with the pH 5.8 emulsion just narrowly missing statistical significance (p = 0.078 after 8 h; p = 0.053 after 24 h). Microbiologic in vitro tests showed that the pH 4.0 emulsion reduced the levels of odor-producing bacteria S. epidermidis and C. minutissimum after 1 h (2.98 log and 4.25 log). After 24 h, levels of S. aureus (>5.50 log), P. acnes (>5.30 log) and OPEN ACCESSCosmetics 2015, 2 137 E. coli (>5.46 log) were further reduced whereas no effect was observed for pH 5.8. A pH 4.0 emulsion significantly reduced axillary malodor for up to 24 h after application in females aged at least 60 years. This reduction in malodor is very likely due to a reduction of odor-producing bacteria.

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Axillary pH and influence of deodorants

Cited by 28 publications

References 7 publications

EEMCO Guidance for the in vivo Assessment of Skin Surface pH

EEMCO Guidance for the in vivo Assessment of Skin Surface pH

EEMCO Guidance for the Efficacy Assessment of Antiperspirants and Deodorants

Significant Reduction of Body Odor in Older People with a pH 4.0 Emulsion

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