“…Generally, several methods have been developed to obtain the explicit solutions for multilayered soil systems, such as the finite layer method (FLM), 42,43 the transfer matrix method (TMM), [44][45][46][47] and the stiffness matrix method (SMM). 24,48 Compared with the solutions for consolidation 42,45,[49][50][51] and TM problems, 17,47 the explicit solutions for the THM problems of layered soils are difficult to derive for more complex governing equations using the aforementioned analytical or semianalytical methods. Although classic numerical methods, such as FEM 39,52,53 and the boundary element method (BEM), 28,54 are capable of implementing the coupled consolidation and heat flow behaviours of layered soils, vast amounts of computational storage are required and the solutions are highly dependent on the type of discretisation.…”