Axons Amplify Somatic Incomplete Spikes into Uniform Amplitudes in Mouse Cortical Pyramidal Neurons

Chen, Na; Yu, Jianan; Hao, Qian; Ge, Rongjing; Wang, Jinhui

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011868

Cited by 34 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Similar results have been obtained in neurons of the subthalamic nucleus [42] and granule cells in the dentate gyrus [43] . Dual recordings from the soma and axon also indicated that cortical and subcortical axons faithfully propagate action potentials [2,42,44] , even at high firing frequencies (up to 400 Hz) [40] and during epileptiform activity [2] .…”

Section: Unlike Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Layer-5 Pyramidal Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Axonal bleb recording

Shu

2012

Neurosci. Bull.

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Patch-clamp recording requires direct accessibility of the cell membrane to patch pipettes and allows the investigation of ion channel properties and functions in specific cellular compartments. The cell body and relatively thick dendrites are the most accessible compartments of a neuron, due to their large diameters and therefore great membrane surface areas. However, axons are normally inaccessible to patch pipettes because of their thin structure; thus studies of axon physiology have long been hampered by the lack of axon recording methods. Recently, a new method of patchclamp recording has been developed, enabling direct and tight-seal recording from cortical axons. These recordings are performed at the enlarged structure (axonal bleb) formed at the cut end of an axon after slicing procedures. This method has facilitated studies of the mechanisms underlying the generation and propagation of the main output signal, the action potential, and led to the finding that cortical neurons communicate not only in action potential-mediated digital mode but also in membrane potential-dependent analog mode.

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Section: Unlike Cerebellar Purkinje Cells Layer-5 Pyramidal Neuronsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Axonal bleb recording

Shu

2012

Neurosci. Bull.

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“…ARPs were measured by injecting paired-depolarization pulses (3 ms) into these neurons after each spike. By changing interpulse intervals, we defined ARPs as the time from a complete spike to its subsequent spike at 50% probability [59, 60]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coordinated Plasticity between Barrel Cortical Glutamatergic and GABAergic Neurons during Associative Memory

et al. 2016

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Neural plasticity is associated with memory formation. The coordinated refinement and interaction between cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons remain elusive in associative memory, which we examine in a mouse model of associative learning. In the mice that show odorant-induced whisker motion after pairing whisker and odor stimulations, the barrel cortical glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons are recruited to encode the newly learnt odor signal alongside the innate whisker signal. These glutamatergic neurons are functionally upregulated, and GABAergic neurons are refined in a homeostatic manner. The mutual innervations between these glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons are upregulated. The analyses by high throughput sequencing show that certain microRNAs related to regulating synapses and neurons are involved in this cross-modal reflex. Thus, the coactivation of the sensory cortices through epigenetic processes recruits their glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons to be the associative memory cells as well as drive their coordinated refinements toward the optimal state for the storage of the associated signals.

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“…The identification of axonal blebs rather than dendritical bleb was based on the diameter and branches of processes as well as the polarity of neurons [13,15]. Neuronal processes with less branches and fine diameter are axon.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Input-dependent subcellular localization of spike initiation between soma and axon at cortical pyramidal neurons

Hao

Chen

et al. 2014

Mol Brain

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BackgroundAction potentials can be initiated at various subcellular compartments, such as axonal hillock, soma and dendrite. Mechanisms and physiological impacts for this relocation remain elusive, which may rely on input signal patterns and intrinsic properties in these subcellular compartments. We examined this hypothesis at the soma and axon of cortical pyramidal neurons by analyzing their spike capability and voltage-gated sodium channel dynamics in response to different input signals.ResultsElectrophysiological recordings were simultaneously conducted at the somata and axons of identical pyramidal neurons in the cortical slices. The somata dominantly produced sequential spikes in response to long-time steady depolarization pulse, and the axons produced more spikes in response to fluctuated pulse. Compared with the axons, the somata possessed lower spike threshold and shorter refractory periods in response to long-time steady depolarization, and somatic voltage-gated sodium channels demonstrated less inactivation and easier reactivation in response to steady depolarization. Based on local VGSC dynamics, computational simulated spike initiation locations were consistent with those from the experiments. In terms of physiological impact, this input-dependent plasticity of spike initiation location made neuronal encoding to be efficient.ConclusionsLong-time steady depolarization primarily induces somatic spikes and short-time pulses induce axonal spikes. The input signal patterns influence spike initiations at the axon or soma of cortical pyramidal neurons through modulating local voltage-gated sodium channel dynamics.

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Axons Amplify Somatic Incomplete Spikes into Uniform Amplitudes in Mouse Cortical Pyramidal Neurons

Cited by 34 publications

References 40 publications

Axonal bleb recording

Axonal bleb recording

Coordinated Plasticity between Barrel Cortical Glutamatergic and GABAergic Neurons during Associative Memory

Input-dependent subcellular localization of spike initiation between soma and axon at cortical pyramidal neurons

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