Azine-based polymers with a two-electron redox process as cathode materials for organic batteries

Acker, Pascal; Speer, Martin E.; Wössner, Jan S.; Esser, Birgit

doi:10.1039/d0ta04083e

Cited by 24 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…[ 14 ] For high performance of such cells, the organic electrode materials must show a reversible redox chemistry [ 15 ] and ideally possess a high specific capacity. [ 16,17 ] To obtain high cycling stabilities, dissolution of the organic active material in the liquid battery electrolyte has to be avoided, for which incorporation into a polymeric architecture has been proven a viable strategy. [ 18–20 ] Both p‐type organic redox polymers with potentials of up to 4.1 V versus Li|Li +[ 21 ] as prospective positive electrode materials as well as n‐type redox polymers as negative electrode materials have been developed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dibenzo[a,e]Cyclooctatetraene‐Functionalized Polymers as Potential Battery Electrode Materials

Desmaizieres

Speer

Thiede

et al. 2021

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

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Organic redox polymers are attractive electrode materials for more sustainable rechargeable batteries. To obtain full‐organic cells with high operating voltages, redox polymers with low potentials (<2 V versus Li|Li+) are required for the negative electrode. Dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatetraene (DBCOT) is a promising redox‐active group in this respect, since it can be reversibly reduced in a two‐electron process at potentials below 1 V versus Li|Li+. Upon reduction, its conformation changes from tub‐shaped to planar, rendering DBCOT‐based polymers also of interest to molecular actuators. Here, the syntheses of three aliphatic DBCOT‐polymers and their electrochemical properties are presented. For this, a viable three‐step synthetic route to 2‐bromo‐functionalized DBCOT as polymer precursor is developed. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements in solution and of thin films of the DBCOT‐polymers demonstrate their potential as battery electrode materials. Half‐cell measurements in batteries show pseudo capacitive behavior with Faradaic contributions, which demonstrate that electrode composition and fabrication will play an important role in the future to release the full redox activity of the DBCOT polymers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low redox potential polymers are particularly attractive to obtain full‐organic cells with large operating voltages, and redox‐active groups with two‐electron processes will increase the specific capacities of the corresponding redox polymers. [ 16 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dibenzo[a,e]Cyclooctatetraene‐Functionalized Polymers as Potential Battery Electrode Materials

Desmaizieres

Speer

Thiede

et al. 2021

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

Self Cite

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“…The most well‐known p‐type organic cathode materials are conducting polymers (e. g., polyaniline, [11,12] polytriphenylamine, [13] and polypyrrole [14] ) and nitroxyl radical polymers (e. g., PTMA [15] ). In recent years, researchers’ interest also shifts to polymers based on various electroactive heteroaromatics, including N ‐substituted phenazine, [16–19] conjugated pyridine dimer, [20] phenothiazine, [18,21–31] phenoxazine, [32] and thianthrene [33,34] . A merit of these heteroaromatic units is that they are potentially able to deliver two electrons and thus achieve attractive capacity above 200 mAh g −1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile Synthesis of Polyphenothiazine as a High‐Performance p‐Type Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Wang

Han

et al. 2021

ChemSusChem

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p‐Type electroactive polymers are promising cathodes for dual‐ion batteries but cost‐effective candidates are still lacking. In this study, the p‐type polymer polyphenothiazine (PPTZ) is synthesized by a facile one‐step oxidation polymerization from the low‐cost phenothiazine (PTZ) monomer. As a cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries, PPTZ shows superior electrochemical performance to previously reported PTZ‐based polymers with complicated structures and syntheses. For example, PPTZ has a high reversible capacity of 157 mAh g−1 within 2.5–4.3 V vs. Li+/Li with an average discharge voltage of 3.5 V, and a high capacity retention of 77 % after 500 cycles. The highly reversible one‐electron redox mechanism of PPTZ is also investigated in detail by electrochemical testing, ex situ FT‐IR and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. PPTZ has the potential to serve as an attractive p‐type cathode material for practical applications and the facile synthesis may be also extended to other polymer cathodes based on N‐heteroaromatic units.

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“…Acker et al. [ 198 ] reported a crosslinked azine‐based polymer (CPA) (Figure 20d). It had two cathodic/anodic peaks at 2.6/2.85 and 3.1/3.31 V (Figure 20e).…”

Section: Organic Polymer Electrode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[197] Unlike triazine polymers, the azine and viologen polymers are p-type polymers and undergo a twoelectron redox process (Figure 20c). Acker et al [198] reported a crosslinked azine-based polymer (CPA) (Figure 20d). It had two cathodic/anodic peaks at 2.6/2.85 and 3.1/3.31 V (Figure 20e).…”

Section: Imine Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymer Electrode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

et al. 2022

Adv Funct Materials

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Polymer electrode materials (PEMs) have become a hot research topic for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to their high energy density, tunable structure, and flexibility. They are regarded as a category of promising alternatives to conventional inorganic materials because of their abundant and green resources. Currently, conducting polymers, carbonyl polymers, radical polymers, sulfide polymers, and imine polymers as five kinds of PEMs are studied extensively. This review introduces the latest research progress of PEMs for LIBs from the perspectives of molecular structure, redox mechanism, and electrochemical performance. The synthesis mechanisms and methods are outlined to guide the future design of PEMs. However, the practical application of PEMs is limited by their insufficient conductivity, structural instability, and high solubility. Aiming at these obstacles, reasonable optimization strategies are discussed, including the modification of molecular structure, the control of micromorphology, and the composite of carbon materials. Finally, the development trends and prospects of PEMs are put forward.

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Azine-based polymers with a two-electron redox process as cathode materials for organic batteries

Abstract: Azine-based polymers as cathode-active materials with a two-electron redox process show a high specific capacity of up to 133 mA h g−1 in Li–organic batteries at potentials of 2.9 and 3.3 V vs. Li/Li+ paired with a high rate performance up to 100C.

Cited by 24 publications

References 47 publications

Dibenzo[a,e]Cyclooctatetraene‐Functionalized Polymers as Potential Battery Electrode Materials

Dibenzo[a,e]Cyclooctatetraene‐Functionalized Polymers as Potential Battery Electrode Materials

Facile Synthesis of Polyphenothiazine as a High‐Performance p‐Type Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Polymer Electrode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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