B&amp;D power and water plant modifications and operation after deactivation of D reactors

Brinkman, L.B.

doi:10.2172/10119618

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…We calculate the fuel economy change associated with a change in vehicle weight (applicable to a midsize sedan) based on expert judgment (21) and our previous work (16,22) using the following relationship: (33). e Makino (34).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Implications of Alternative-Fueled Automobiles: Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Tradeoffs

MacLean

Lave

1999

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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We analyze alternative fuel-powertrain options for internal combustion engine automobiles. Fuel/engine efficiency, energy use, pollutant discharges, and greenhouse gas emissions are estimated for spark and compression ignited, direct injected (DI), and indirect injected (II) engines fueled by conventional and reformulated gasoline, reformulated diesel, compressed natural gas (CNG), and alcohols. Since comparisons of fuels and technologies in dissimilar vehicles are misleading, we hold emissions level, range (160 and 595 km), vehicle size class, and style (a 1998 Ford Taurus sedan) constant. At present, CNG vehicles have the best exhaust emissions performance while DI diesels have the worst. Compared to a conventional gasoline fueled II automobile, greenhouse gases could be reduced by 40% by a DI CNG automobile and by 25% by a DI diesel. Gasoline-and diesel-fueled automobiles are able to attain long ranges with little weight or fuel economy penalty. CNG vehicles have the highest penalty for increasing range, due to their heavy fuel storage systems, but are the most attractive for a 160-km range. DI engines, particularly diesels, may not be able to meet strict emissions standards, at least not without lowering efficiency.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Implications of Alternative-Fueled Automobiles: Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Tradeoffs

MacLean

Lave

1999

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…1 ). These account for about 40% of known ornithopod species 6 and 30–80% of individual specimens in many latest Cretaceous dinosaur communities of North America and Europe 17 18 . Hadrosaurid teeth are characterised by the reduction of ridges to a single median carina, accompanied in the hollow-crested lambeosaurines by one or two subsidiary ridges, further elongation of lanceolate tooth crowns that were at least twice as tall as wide, absence or decrease in the size of marginal denticles, tooth miniaturisation, and a substantial increase in the number of alveolar positions, reaching the extreme of nearly 60 positions in Edmontosaurini 19 , and increase in the width of the occlusal surface to a maximum of three teeth arranged labiolingually 6 20 21 22 23 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of dental evolution in ornithopod dinosaurs

Strickson¹,

Prieto-Márquez²,

Benton

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Ornithopods were key herbivorous dinosaurs in Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, with a variety of tooth morphologies. Several clades, especially the ‘duck-billed’ hadrosaurids, became hugely diverse and abundant almost worldwide. Yet their evolutionary dynamics have been disputed, particularly whether they diversified in response to events in plant evolution. Here we focus on their remarkable dietary adaptations, using tooth and jaw characters to examine changes in dental disparity and evolutionary rate. Ornithopods explored different areas of dental morphospace throughout their evolution, showing a long-term expansion. There were four major evolutionary rate increases, the first among basal iguanodontians in the Middle-Late Jurassic, and the three others among the Hadrosauridae, above and below the split of their two major clades, in the middle of the Late Cretaceous. These evolutionary bursts do not correspond to times of plant diversification, including the radiation of the flowering plants, and suggest that dental innovation rather than coevolution with major plant clades was a major driver in ornithopod evolution.

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“…Since 1940 most references to general sphenacodontine or sphenacodontid cranial morphology have been made by referral to the Romer and Price descriptions and reconstructions (e.g. Romer, 1956Romer, , 1966Barghusen, 1968Barghusen, , 1973Currie, 1979;Reisz, 1980;Brinkman and Eberth, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the framework of Paleozoic reptilian systematics the description of this material is imperative. Much remains to be clarified concerning relationships of taxa within the Pelycosauria (Reisz, 1980;Brinkman and Eberth, 1983) and of pelycosaurs with other reptilian groups (especially therapsids). A thorough understanding of all pelycosaur genera is an essential step in addressing the nature of these scribed and figured as it occurs in that specimen.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The skull of Sphenacodon ferocior, and comparisons with other sphenacodontines (Reptilia: Pelycosauria)

Eberth¹

1985

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Sphenacodon Marsh, known from the Lower Permian of New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona, is one of the best represented pelycosaurs in fossil collection, yet its skull has never been completely described. Virtually complete, disarticulated cranial remains of Sphenacodon ferocoir from the Lower Permian Cutler and Abo Formations of north-central New Mexico are described in detail for the first time. These descriptions provide the basis for the most detailed comparisons to date within the genus Sphenacodon and the subfamily Sphenacodontinae.No morphological differences exist between the skulls of Sphenacodon and Ctenospondylus, and only minor morphological differences exist between Sphenacodon and Ctenospondylus on the one hand and Dimetrodon on the other. On the basis of cranial morphology alone, Sphenacodon and Ctenospondylus appear to be more closely related than the current taxonomy reflects.Macromerion is undiagnostic below the subfamily level and materials referred to Neosaurus, Bathygnathus, and "Oxyodon" are undiagnostic below the subfamily level. The retention of all of these names except "Oxyodon" are undiagnostic as a paleogeographic conveniences, "Oxyodon" has been shown by Paton (1974) to be preoccupied, and pelycosaur material assigned to that taxon should be therefore reclassified as Sphenacodontinae incertae sedis.

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B&D power and water plant modifications and operation after deactivation of D reactors

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Environmental Implications of Alternative-Fueled Automobiles: Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Tradeoffs

Environmental Implications of Alternative-Fueled Automobiles: Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Tradeoffs

Dynamics of dental evolution in ornithopod dinosaurs

The skull of Sphenacodon ferocior, and comparisons with other sphenacodontines (Reptilia: Pelycosauria)

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