B. Diphtheriae, Gravis and Mitis

Parish, H. J.; Whatley, Elsie E.; O'Brien, R. A.

doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3750.915

Cited by 28 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Not only is type gravis not always associated with severe cases of diphtheria, nor type mitis with mild cases, but occasionally both types are isolated from patients or found in stock cultures. Parish, Whatley and O'Brien (1932) found that the mortality rate in human beings is about the same for organisMs of both colony forms and that, over a large region, the type gravis strains have been reported to be as prevalent in mild cases as in severe cases. Although the range in virulence of type mitis strains for guinea pigs was found by Anderson, et al, to be greater than that of type gravis strains, the latter showing more uniform virulence, only three of the 90 strains tested for virulence by these workers, (employing the intracutaneous method on guinea pigs), gave a very marked reaction and these were type mitis strains.…”

Section: Colony Formsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

Morton¹

1940

Bacteriological Reviews

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Section: Colony Formsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

Morton¹

1940

Bacteriological Reviews

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“…To eliminate this possibility a technique was developed which did not require the use of diphtheria organisms or antitoxin, e.g., cultures of C. diphtheriae were replaced by sterile toxin. Since the identity of toxins from all strains of C. diphtheriae appears to have been demonstrated by Parish et al (1932), Povitsky et al (1933), Zinnemann and Zinnemann (1939), and Zinnemann (1946), the substitution of PW no. 8 toxin for that produced in vivo by other strains of C. diphtheriae (C1, C2, etc.)…”

Section: Use Of Toxin Instead Of C Diphtheriaementioning

confidence: 99%

A Study of Bacterial Synergism with Reference to the Etiology of Malignant Diphtheria

Updyke

Frobisher

1947

J Bacteriol

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Malignant, "bull-neck," hypertoxic, or grave diphtheria is differentiated from "ordinary" or milder diphtheria by the presence of marked cervical swelling (hence "bull-neck"), extreme toxemia, albuminuria, frequent development of neuropathies, and a high death rate in spite of early administration of large doses of antitoxin. Epidemics of diphtheria in which the malignant form predominated have been common in Europe, England, and elsewhere within the past two decades as reported by Anderson et al. (1931) and Deicher and Agulnik (1927), but during the same period have been relatively uncommon on this continent. Since 1931 only one such outbreak has been reported (Wheeler and Morton, 1942). However, in Baltimore, after several years of low morbidity and fatality, diphtheria began to increase in 1942 and, as in many other large cities in the United States and Europe during the war years, it attained high levels (Eller and Frobisher, 1945). During the first 6 months of 1944 there were in Baltimore 142 cases, 16 of which were designated as malignant. The malignant cases suffered a 44 per cent mortality (7 cases), whereas the total mortality was only 6 per cent (9 cases). In 1945 there were 352 cases reported and 18 deaths. A considerable number of these were malignant. The disease continued at a relatively high level of incidence and severity throughout 1946. Since the description of gravis and mitis types of diphtheria bacilli by Anderson et al. (1931), malignant diphtheria has been widely believed to be due to the gravis type of diphtheria bacilli, although it has been repeatedly pointed out by Frobisher (1943) and others that the occurrence of this organism, at least that variety of it which is found in Baltimore and elsewhere in the United States, bears no constant relation whatever to malignant diphtheria. Continuous, systematic studies of the types of diphtheria bacilli found in cases of diphtheria in Baltimore since about 1932, including the numerous typical, fatal malignant cases noted above, have revealed during 16 years only 10 or 12 gravis strains, and these rarely in the malignant cases. The mitis or mitis-like form has predominated in cases, contacts, and carriers at all times according to Frobisher (1938, 1940, 1942). This has also been found true, as a general rule, throughout the United States. Obviously, then, malignant diphtheria in Baltimore and the United States during 1 This work was supported in part by funds from The Rockefeller Foundation. 2 Adapted from a dissertation submitted by the senior author to the School of Hygiene and Public Health of The Johns Hopkins University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science in Hygiene.

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“…On the other hand, there are numerous areas in which the intermedius or the gravis form either is not present or is so scantily represented that it escapes observation. Such are: the Sudan (81), South Australia (146), Amsterdam and Rotterdam (165), Posen district of Poland (209), Huddersfield (119), and Helsingfors (120), which (151,202) No gravis (202) No gravis (129,151) (120) No information (100,127,147) All three strains found in all areas, but gravis markedly predominant in east and north-east and to a slight extent in other areas (8,20,22,62,64,68,75,76,78,90,122,132,141,144,155,170,185,190) Gravis predominant in Rotterdam, mitis in Amsterdam (165,177) No gravis detected (151) Gravis markedly predominant (35,40) All three types and atypical strains recorded (16,48,139, 152, 167, 184) Gravis predominant; intermedius absent except in Lem-berg (91, 161, 209, 215) Mitis predominant and gravis scanty in Moscow. Gravis predominant at Kharkov two years later (163,…”

Section: Stability In the Animal And Human Bodiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TOXIN PRODUCTION BY THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF C. DIPHTHERIAE AND ON THE CONTROL BY STANDARD ANTITOXIN OF INFECTIONS WITH THESE TYPES Soon after the gravis type of the C. diphtheriae was described it was shown by Parish, et al (129,130) that by comparison with mitis strains and much more so Park No. 8, the gravis strains were poor toxin-producers in vitro and that infections by them were adequately controlled by standard antitoxin.…”

Section: T W Mcleodmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Types Mitis, Intermedius and Gravis of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

McLeod¹

1943

Bacteriological Reviews

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B. Diphtheriae, Gravis and Mitis

Cited by 28 publications

References 0 publications

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

A Study of Bacterial Synergism with Reference to the Etiology of Malignant Diphtheria

The Types Mitis, Intermedius and Gravis of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae

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