<b>Equilibria in Solutions of Cyanuric Acid and its Chlorinated Derivatives</b>

Brady, A. P.; Sancier, Kenneth M.; Sirine, Gloria.

doi:10.1021/ja00903a011

Cited by 24 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Other researchers have proposed similar estimates for some of the equilibrium constants (Gardiner , Brady et al ), but in the case of research conducted by Pinsky and Hu (), substantially different estimates for some equilibrium constants were proposed. Subsequently, the results of Pinsky and Hu () have been called into question because their free chlorine measurement method overestimated the free chlorine concentration in their experiments (Wojtowicz , Jensen et al ).…”

Section: Free Chlorine and Cynauric Acid System Water Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 97%

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Chlorinated Cyanurates: Review of Water Chemistry and Associated Drinking Water Implications

Wahman

2018

Journal AWWA

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Since 1958, cyanuric acid and two chlorinated cyanurates, commonly referred to as dichlor (anhydrous sodium dichloroisocyanurate or sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate) and trichlor (trichloroisocyanuric acid), have been added to outdoor swimming pools to stabilize chlorine residual by minimizing sunlight‐related degradation. Subsequently, in July 2001, dichlor and trichlor were approved for routine drinking water treatment under the US Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, and manufacturers have achieved NSF 60 certification for dichlor or trichlor addition to drinking water. Currently in the United States, dichlor or trichlor for drinking water use may be approved by states, tribes, or territories. One complicating factor with dichlor or trichlor is that the actual free chlorine concentration in these systems cannot be measured accurately by currently approved methods. This review summarizes the existing water chemistry associated with dichlor and trichlor use as a chlorine source in drinking water, along with the associated implications.

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Section: Free Chlorine and Cynauric Acid System Water Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Free Chlorine and Cynauric Acid System Water Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorinated Cyanurates: Review of Water Chemistry and Associated Drinking Water Implications

Wahman

2018

Journal AWWA

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“…Pregnant Dutch belted rabbits were given sodium cyanurate by oral gavage during the major period of organogenesis, days [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] of gestation. (FMC Corporation, unpublished observations.)…”

Section: Teratology Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rationale for this decision is as follows. In pool water, chlorinated isocyanurates hydrolyze to yield cyanurate and sodium hypochlorite as shown in equation (1) (13,14): 2H20 + NaCl2C3N3O3 NaH2C3N3O3 + 2HOC1 (1) In pool water, the chlorine level is maintained at concentrations from 1 to 3 ppm, which is comparable to the levels used to disinfect drinking water (15). The available chlorine is eventually consumed, whereas the sodium cyanurate remains in the pool water.…”

Section: Subchronic Toxicity Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of toxicology studies on cyanurate and its chlorinated derivatives.

Hammond¹,

Barbee²,

Inoue³

et al. 1986

Environ Health Perspect

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Chlorinated cyanurates are added to swimming pools as disinfectants. In the presence of water, these materials hydrolyze to yield cyanurate and hypochlorous acid. To evaluate the safety of exposure to these materials, a comprehensive testing program was undertaken. This review summarizes the results of acute and subchronic tests on chlorinated isocyanurates. Findings from acute, subchronic, reproduction, metabolism, mutagenicity, and chronic/carcinogenicity tests on cyanurate are also summarized. Results from these tests indicate that chlorinated isocyanurates are safe for use in swimming pools.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorinated cyanurates in drinking water: Measurement bias, stability, and disinfectant byproduct formation

2019

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Two chlorinated cyanurates, commonly referred to as dichlor (anhydrous sodium dichloroisocyanurate or sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate) and trichlor (trichloroisocyanuric acid), may be approved for use in U.S. drinking water systems as chlorine sources. One complication with dichlor or trichlor's application in drinking water is that the actual free chlorine concentration in these systems cannot be quantified accurately by currently approved methods. Based on known water chemistry, two hypothesized advantages of dichlor or trichlor use are potential increased residual chlorine stability and decreased regulated disinfectant byproduct (DBP) formation. To inform these practical considerations, the current research investigated measurement bias in N,N‐diethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (colorimetric and portable parallel analyzer), indophenol, amperometric titration, and amperometric electrode free chlorine methods. In addition, hold studies using a surface water and dosed with either free chlorine only, dichlor, or trichlor provided the first side‐by‐side comparisons of disinfectant residual stability and regulated DBP formation.

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Equilibria in Solutions of Cyanuric Acid and its Chlorinated Derivatives

Cited by 24 publications

References 4 publications

Chlorinated Cyanurates: Review of Water Chemistry and Associated Drinking Water Implications

Chlorinated Cyanurates: Review of Water Chemistry and Associated Drinking Water Implications

A review of toxicology studies on cyanurate and its chlorinated derivatives.

Chlorinated cyanurates in drinking water: Measurement bias, stability, and disinfectant byproduct formation

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