Helicobacter pylori in Children: Acquisition of Antimicrobial Resistance after an Initial Course of Treatment

Time Trends of Helicobacter pylori Resistance to Antibiotics in Children Living in Vienna, Austria

“…Clarithromycin resistance rate in children whose prior eradication treatment had failed was shown to exceed 50% [8,40]. Our data confirm this finding.…”

An Update on Anti-Helicobacter Pylori Treatment in Children

“…Prevalence of secondary metronidazole resistance was 4% in Australia, 30% in Belgium and 52% in France (35,42,44). The prevalence of primary clarithromycin resistance in children was lower than metronidazole resistance in Europe, where it ranged from 6% to 45% (33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55); in the United States, the prevalence of clarithromycin resistance was similar to that of metronidazole resistance (48). However, in Japan, the occurrence of clarithromycin resistance (29% to 41%) exceeded that of metronidazole resistance (46), and secondary clarithromycin resistance from France and Japan was reported to be as high as 52% and 78%, respectively (35,46).…”

High levels of dual resistance to clarithromycin and metronidazole and in vitro activity of levofloxacin against Helicobacter pylori isolates from patients after failure of therapy

“…One of the major causes of treatment failure is antimicrobial resistance [5][6][7][8][9]. There has been a significant worldwide increase in primary resistance of H. pylori to metronidazole and clarithromycin [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], and resistance to amoxicillin has also been documented [21]. Resistance is even more common among isolates recovered from patients who have already undergone one or two unsuccessful courses of therapy [22][23][24].…”