B‐mode and<scp>D</scp>oppler ultrasonography in pony mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis

Bailey, C. Scott; Heitzman, J. M.; Buchanan, Cole; Bare, C. A.; Sper, Renan; Borst, Luke B.; Macpherson, Margo L.; Archibald, Kate E.; Whitacre, M. D.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2012.00658.x

Cited by 24 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…We report normal reference ranges and demonstrate that regional uteroplacental thickness significantly increases with each trimester. Disruption of uteroplacental contact, a sign of placentitis and abnormal separation of the allantochorion from the endometrium, 41 was not seen in any of the successful pregnancies in Notes. Quantile regression threshold equations used to determine 95% confidence intervals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Ultrasonographic findings associated with normal pregnancy and fetal well‐being in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

Ivančić¹,

Gomez

Musser

et al. 2020

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Reproductive success is vital in sustaining free‐ranging and managed bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) populations. Ultrasonography is an invaluable, non‐invasive tool in assessing the fetomaternal unit in humans and animals, including dolphins and horses. The purpose of this prospective longitudinal cohort study was to develop a protocol for fetomaternal ultrasonographic monitoring in dolphins and to report normal measurements and descriptive findings correlated with a positive outcome. From 2010 to 2017, serial ultrasonographic evaluations of 12 healthy dolphins were performed over the course of 16 pregnancies. A total of 203 ultrasound examinations were included in the study. Several metrics were accurate in predicting fetal age. Fetal biparietal diameter (BPD), thoracic width in dorsal and transverse planes, thoracic height in a sagittal plane, aortic diameter, and blubber thickness all demonstrated high correlation with gestational age (r > 0.94, P < .00001). Regional uteroplacental thickness significantly increased with each trimester (range 0.22–0.40 cm; P < .00011 cranial uterus, P < .00057 mid, and P < .000011 caudal). Lung:liver mean pixel intensity was 2.57 ± 0.46 (95% confidence interval 2.47‐2.67). Ultrasonographic characteristics of normal pregnancy in dolphins are described and an equation for prediction of parturition date in Tursiops is reported: days to parturition = 348.16 − (26.03 × BPD(cm)) (R2 = 0.99). Future applications of these normal data will help identify in utero abnormalities indicative of fetal morbidity, and improve understanding of reproductive failure in wild and managed populations.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Ultrasonographic findings associated with normal pregnancy and fetal well‐being in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

Ivančić¹,

Gomez

Musser

et al. 2020

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In human medicine, alterations in the placenta (e.g., premature placental detachment) are detected by an increase in uterine resistance [42][43][44]. Bailey et al [11] recently induced placentitis in six pony mares, which was detected by increased CTUP within 3 days after inoculation. Although these mares were examined ultrasonographically at very regular intervals (12 hours for 5 days, 24 hours for 8 days, and 48 hours until delivery), Doppler ultrasonographic measurements of resistance index, PI, and total arterial blood flow did not reveal differences between the infected and uninfected mares.…”

Section: Abortion and Placentitismentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In human medicine, color Doppler sonography has become routine for the diagnostic evaluation of high-risk pregnancies [3][4][5]. Bollwein et al [6,7], Ousey et al [8,9], and Bailey et al [10,11] analyzed blood flow parameters during equine pregnancies. The Doppler sonographic studies illustrated a decrease in the peripheral blood flow resistance in the first weeks of pregnancy and an increase in uterine blood flow volume (BFV), especially in the last trimester of pregnancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of age, parity, and pregnancy abnormalities on foal birth weight and uterine blood flow in the mare

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Color Doppler sonography has become routine for the evaluation of high-risk pregnancies in human medicine. Previous studies documenting uterine blood flow parameters in the pregnant mare have found a decrease in peripheral blood flow resistance in the first pregnancy weeks and an increase in uterine blood flow, especially in the last trimester of pregnancy. However, these studies involved only a small number of mares. No naturally occurring pregnancy abnormalities occurred that would allow blood flow changes to be retrospectively examined and analyzed. The objective of the present study was to monitor the diameter of the uterine artery, uterine blood flow, and the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) throughout gestation in a large number of pregnant mares of different age and parity. In the present study, 51 warmblood mares were examined by ultrasonography on Days 16 and 30, at monthly intervals until Day 300, and then every 10 days from Day 300 until parturition. After localization of the uterine artery ipsilateral and contralateral to the conceptus, the diameter of each artery, the uterine blood flow (pulsatility index [PI], blood flow volume [BFV], and the presence of early diastolic notch), and the CTUP were measured and correlated to placental and foal birth weight after delivery. Furthermore, the effect of age (3-7 years [n = 16], 8-11 years [n = 17], 12-16 years [n = 18]) and parity (0-2 foals [n = 22], 3-4 foals [n = 15], 5-8 foals [n = 14]) on these parameters were analyzed. The diameter of the uterine artery increased more than threefold in the ipsilateral artery (0.40 ± 0.07-1.33 ± 0.08 cm) and 2.7-fold in the contralateral artery (0.39 ± 0.07-1.07 ± 0.08 cm [P < 0.0001]). The early diastolic notch disappeared in the pulse waves in 98% of the ipsilateral arteries and 85.7% in the contralateral arteries on Day 150 when placentation is complete. Blood flow volume increased 50-fold in the ipsilateral artery during pregnancy and increased dramatically in the last trimester. The median foal weight was 52.6 kg. Mares with heavier foals (>52.6 kg) had a 1.38-fold higher BFV in the last 2 months (P < 0.05) compared with lighter foals. Pulsatility index decreased 2-fold until completion of placentation at around Day 150 and continued to decline until Day 240 where it then stayed constant and at a low level until delivery. Age predominantly influenced PI, whereas the diameter of the uterine arteries, which is correlated to BFV (r ipsilateral = 0.919, P < 0.0001 and r contralateral = 0.909, P < 0.000), was strongly affected by parity. Four mares spontaneously aborted (Days 200, 208, 213, and 246) and four mares spontaneously developed placentitis that was diagnosed by the presence of an increased CTUP and/or placental pathology after delivery. Although not statistically relevant, the aborting mares showed a slightly increased total BFV, but no differences in PI were seen compared with mares without abnormalities of pregnancy. Mares that developed placentitis had a late (Days 150-210) disappearanc...

show abstract

“…To determine whether there is any risk of foetal loss, endocrine profiling (Rossdale et al, 1991;Stawicki et al, 2002;Morris et al, 2007) and transrectal and transabdominal ultrasonography Bucca et al, 2005;Carrick et al, 2010;Löf et al, 2010) are frequently used, and are reported during late gestation, at around 8-10 months. Bailey et al (2012) also compared the ability of B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography to detect ascending placentitis in pony mares with experimentally induced disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transrectal ultrasonographic measurements of the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta in Spanish Purebred mares

Requena¹,

Agüera²,

Requena³

et al. 2017

Anim Reprod

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The present study was conducted to establish the normal values of the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) in Spanish Purebred mares during late pregnancy. A total of 107 mares were examined at 210, 240, 270 and 300 days of gestation, of which 13 had abnormal gestations (foetal death, abortion or stillbirth). In mares with healthy foals, CTUP measurements showed significant differences (P < 0.0001) at the various gestational ages (4.83 ± 0.59 mm, 6.12 ± 0.60 mm, 7.41 ± 0.61 mm and 10.45 ± 0.92 mm at 210, 240, 270 and 300 days, respectively). A high positive correlation was observed between CTUP and gestational age (r = 0.923; P < 0.001). In mares with abnormal gestation, CTUP measurements were significantly (P < 0.0001) higher than in healthy gestations at day 270 (8.89 vs. 7.41 mm) and day 300 (14.17 vs. 10.45 mm). The age of the mare, fertilization time, type of semen and gestation length did not affect the CTUP. The results obtained suggest that the cut-off point for detecting abnormal pregnancies in Spanish Purebred mares is 7.75 mm on day 270 and 12.7 mm on day 300. The authors find that the incidence of placental thickness enlargement in the late gestation of Spanish Purebred is 14%, and a transrectal ultrasonographic examination is highly advisable at 270 days of gestation. Such timely placental assessment could reveal otherwise undetected disorders, thereby enabling early and proper treatments to be administered to prevent foetal loss.

show abstract

B‐mode andDoppler ultrasonography in pony mares with experimentally induced ascending placentitis

Cited by 24 publications

References 31 publications

Ultrasonographic findings associated with normal pregnancy and fetal well‐being in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

Ultrasonographic findings associated with normal pregnancy and fetal well‐being in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

Effects of age, parity, and pregnancy abnormalities on foal birth weight and uterine blood flow in the mare

Transrectal ultrasonographic measurements of the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta in Spanish Purebred mares

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About