“…In Pt/V 2 O 3 /V 8 C 7 for example, the signals of metallic Pt 0 are found at 71.5 eV and 74.8 eV, oxidized Pt 2+ at 72.4 eV and 75.6 eV, and Pt 4+ at 73.5 eV and 76.6 eV. 11,68 In comparison, the binding energy of the Pt 0 species in Pt/V 2 O 3 and Pt/V 8 C 7 shifts to higher and lower values, respectively, suggesting that the electron density on Pt 0 follows the order of Pt/V 8 C 7 > Pt/V 2 O 3 /V 8 C 7 > Pt/V 2 O 3 . The V 2p spectra exhibit the coexistence of four oxidation states, namely V 5+ , V 4+ , V 3+ , and V carbide (V–C) species.…”