2017ii"iii"1 Also see Reynolds, who envisions pop coming to an end "not with a BANG but with a box set whose fourth disc you never got around to playing" (2011, ix).
" 2"was frequently made evident by the three aforementioned artists. For example, the lyrics from Prince's "I would Die 4 U" (1984) seem to playfully reference how pop artists at times are able to transgress and oppose the strictures of gender -which is bound up with how his persona 2 was characterized to a large degree by genderplay 3while also raising the issue that pinpointing how this is achieved can be an arduous task. Certainly, matters of gender in pop music are intricate. And even though pop performances have the potential to subvert and transgress gender norms, it is striking how prevailing perceptions and expectations of gender persist both in popular culture and in Western culture more generally. As is made clear in this dissertation, gendered representations in pop are more often than not characterized by contesting symbols and signs, which can result in performances that elaborately redress dominant norms in the guise of opposition or innovation.Developments in the field of gender research have happened rapidly. Stan Hawkins (2017, 1) states this in the introduction to The Routledge Research Companion to Popular Music and Gender, 4 a volume that marks the twentieth anniversary of the seminal book on popular music and gender, Sexing the Groove (Whiteley 1997a).Hawkins (2017, 1) also points out that while there has been a surge of interest in research on popular music and gender, there is much work to be done still. Indeed, due to the ever-changing conventions of pop music production, performance, and consumption, there is a necessity for continuously devising new theories and methods for studying gendered identity in pop music. In particular, continuous developments in technology and media practices have led to changes in modes of representation and production that warrant scholarly scrutiny, not least with regard to the increasing significance of media convergence in the staging and showcasing of pop personae. 5 """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 2 In my usage of the term "persona" I am referring to the social role that pop artists assume, which can be described as the part of their personal selves that audiences are granted access to. This is not to be confused with how some artists perform in character, one notable example being David Bowie performing as Ziggy Stardust. The concept is revisited and discussed more thoroughly later in this introduction chapter, particularly in relation to personal narrativity (the stories that circulate around pop artists) and how specific parts of artists' identities are conveyed to audiences while others are undercommunicated.3 "Genderplay" denotes a switching of roles and toying with gender norms in ways that are designed to entertain as well as aspire to strategies of self-fashioning (Hawkins 2009; 2016, 28). See studies by Hawkins and Niblock (2011) and Walser (1994) that plac...