B2O3: A heterogeneous metal-free Lewis acid catalyst for carbon dioxide fixation into cyclic carbonates

Recent developments in organocatalysed transformations of epoxides and carbon dioxide into cyclic carbonates

“…Boric oxide also exhibited good performance in catalysing the transformation of epoxides and carbon dioxide into cyclic carbonates with tetrabutylammonium bromide as co-catalyst. 108 Ball milling of the boric acid could significantly improve its catalytic activity by enhancing its ability to adsorb propylene oxide. At 100 o C and 20 bar of carbon dioxide, after 2 h a 95% yield of propylene carbonate was obtained after ball-milling but only a 40% yield using untreated boric acid.…”

A Novel Dopamine‐Based Boronate Esters with the Organic Base as Highly Efficient, Stable, and Green Catalysts for the Conversion of CO2 with Epoxides to Cyclic Carbonates

“…For conversion of epichlorohydrin (see Table 4), a yield or conversion is found between 76 and 99%, which was recently reported for different boron catalyst systems under suitable conditions. [ 5,18–20,63–65 ] In this work, the epichlorohydrin conversion was performed with 96.3% yield using tetrahedral boronate ester (B 4a ) catalyst and DMAP as cocatalyst under suitable conditions (2 h, 100 °C, 1.6 MPa, 0.045 mmol catalysts) without organic solvent. Also, the same epoxides conversion was performed with 87.5% yield using boronate ester (B 4a ) catalyst and DMAP as cocatalyst under appropriate conditions (0.5 h, 100 °C, 1.6 MPa, 0.045 mmol catalysts) without organic solvent.…”

Sol–Gel Entrapped Lewis Acids as Catalysts for Biodiesel Production

“…Figure 3 b shows that as per the XRD pattern, the BSil matrix contains boron oxide, rather than BF 3 ( Figure 3 b). BF 3 was probably hydrolyzed to boric acid in the course of the sol–gel formation in the aqueous medium [ 28 , 29 ], which in turn was converted into boron oxide during the sol–gel process. Since boron oxide is a Lewis acid [ 29 ] that can be used as a catalyst in esterification reactions, e.g.…”

“…BF 3 was probably hydrolyzed to boric acid in the course of the sol–gel formation in the aqueous medium [ 28 , 29 ], which in turn was converted into boron oxide during the sol–gel process. Since boron oxide is a Lewis acid [ 29 ] that can be used as a catalyst in esterification reactions, e.g. , in the studies of Carlson et al [ 30 ] and Murakami et al [ 31 ], it was decided to examine the catalytic performance of this catalyst.…”