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Photoionisation and structures of jet-formed toluene clusters

“…The shape of the PIE curves near threshold depends mainly on the possible isomer distribution, the cluster temperature and Frank-Condon factors [28]. In particular, the last two effects give rise to low-energy tails in the PIE spectra which require a thorough analysis of the measurements to determine adiabatic and vertical ionisation potentials.…”

Disintegration of Ar N , Kr N , and (N2) N clusters during collisions with highly vibrationally excited SF6 molecules

“…When a cluster traps a molecule, the trapped mol ecule transfers energy to the cluster in time t ≤ 10 ps and the cluster is heated. The heated cluster is cooled because of the evaporation of atoms and trapped mol ecules [36,47]. Vibrational cluster predissociation takes place.…”

“…In the case of krypton, larger clusters were generated above the nozzle at the same pressure, and smaller clusters (N ≤ 10 2 ) were generated in the case of nitro gen [45]. Note that the large argon, krypton, and nitrogen clusters (N ≥ 50-100) generated in molecular beams have a solid state structure [46,47].…”

Statistical mechanism of the formation of the energy spectra of sputtered molecular clusters

“…The development of present day nanotechnologies has significantly stimulated interest in efficient meth ods for obtaining cluster particles with different sto ichiometry and in studying their fundamental proper ties [1]. Ion sputtering [2] has a series of advantages over other ways of cluster generation because it allows one, by selecting the sputtered material and kind of bombarding ions, to obtain clusters that are hard to synthesize by other methods.…”