Babesiosis: Non-specific Resistance, Immunological Factors and Pathogenesis

Zwart, D.; Brocklesby, D.W.

doi:10.1016/s0065-308x(08)60549-7

Cited by 43 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 209 publications

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“…One problem associated with all serological tests for babesiosis is that the relationship between antibody titers, the presence of parasites, and the state of protective immunity is not clear (151,193). Antibodies may persist for long periods after the disease has cleared (40,112), giving no information as to when an infection was acquired (104) and resulting in an overestimate of disease prevalence (40).…”

Section: Parasite Detection and Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antibodies may persist for long periods after the disease has cleared (40,112), giving no information as to when an infection was acquired (104) and resulting in an overestimate of disease prevalence (40). In addition, antibody titers may be observed in the absence of protective immunity (193), and negative test results can occur in the presence of parasites or after acquisition of sterile immunity (55,193).…”

Section: Parasite Detection and Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Babesia divergens , a Bovine Blood Parasite of Veterinary and Zoonotic Importance

et al. 2003

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Babesia divergens is an intraerythrocytic protozoan parasite, transmitted by the tick Ixodes ricinus, and is the main agent of bovine babesiosis in Europe. It is not only a cause of significant loss to the cattle industry; it can also infect immunocompromised humans, causing medical emergencies characterized by rapid fulmination and parasitemias that may exceed 70%. The current emphasis in Europe on sustainable agriculture and extensification is likely to lead to an increase in vector tick populations with increased risk of infection. Despite the veterinary and zoonotic importance of this parasite, relatively little research has been carried out on B. divergens, and many questions regarding the parasite's epidemiology and the host's response remain unanswered. A better understanding of the species' biology and host-parasite interactions may lead to improved control mechanisms and new trends in vaccine and antibabesial drug development. This review provides the first comprehensive summary of B. divergens biology, including its morphology, life cycle, and host specificity, and the current state of knowledge of both human and bovine infections

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Section: Parasite Detection and Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Parasite Detection and Diagnosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Babesia divergens , a Bovine Blood Parasite of Veterinary and Zoonotic Importance

et al. 2003

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“…Relying on Giemsa staining of thin blood smears, early studies analyzed the tropism of Babesia species for erythrocytes and reticulocytes (34). Whether B. microti has a tropism remains unclear.…”

Section: Vol 74 2006 Preference Of B Microti For Mature Erythrocytmentioning

confidence: 99%

Babesia microti Primarily Invades Mature Erythrocytes in Mice

et al. 2006

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Babesia microti is a tick-borne red blood cell parasite that causes babesiosis in people. Its most common vertebrate reservoir is the white-footed mouse. To determine whether B. microti invades reticulocytes, as does the canine pathogen B. gibsoni, we infected the susceptible inbred mouse strains C.B-17.scid and DBA/2 with a clinical isolate of B. microti. Staining of fixed permeabilized red blood cells with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole or YOYO-1, a sensitive nucleic acid stain, revealed parasite nuclei as large bright dots. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that parasite DNA is primarily found in mature erythrocytes that expressed Babesia antigens but not the transferrin receptor CD71. In contrast, CD71-positive reticulocytes rarely contained Babesia nuclei and failed to express Babesia antigens. Accordingly, the frequency of YOYO-1-positive, CD71-negative cells strongly correlated with parasitemia, defined as the frequency of infected red blood cells assessed on Giemsastained blood smears. Importantly, the absolute numbers generated by the two techniques were similar. Parasitemia was modest and transient in DBA/2 mice but intense and sustained in C.B-17.scid mice. In both strains, parasitemia preceded reticulocytosis, but reticulocytes remained refractory to B. microti. In immunocompetent C.B-17 mice, reticulocytosis developed early, despite a marginal and short-lived parasitemia. Likewise, an early reticulocytosis developed in resistant BALB/cBy and B10.D2 mice. These studies establish that B. microti has a tropism for mature erythrocytes. Although reticulocytes are rarely infected, the delayed reticulocytosis in susceptible strains may result from parasite or host activities to limit renewal of the mature erythrocyte pool, thereby preventing an overwhelming parasitemia.

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“…Frerich et al [9,10] observed cross-reactivity of the B. equi antigen with B. caballi antiserum in CFT, while Weiland [32] reported cross-reactivity of two parasites in ELISA and not in CFT. Zwart and Broklesby [34] reported that the technique adopted for the preparation of the Babesia antigen was crucial and affected the specificity/cross-reactivity in the test. Furthermore Frerich et al [9] observed a loss of specificity of the B. equi antigen if it was obtained after a number of serial needle passages among animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Standardisation and comparison of serial dilution and single dilution enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using different antigenic preparations of the Babesia (Theileria) equi parasite

Kumar

Malhotra

et al. 2003

Vet. Res.

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-Serial dilution and single dilution enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were standardised and their sensitivity and specificity were compared for serodiagnosis of Babesia equi infection. The antibody titres of 24 donkey sera of known identity were determined separately by serial dilution ELISA using three different B. equi antigens namely whole merozoite (WM), cell membrane (CM) and high speed supernatant (HSS). The ratios of the optical density (OD) of known positive and known negative sera at different serum dilutions were calculated and termed as the positive/negative (P/N) ratio. The coefficients of correlation (r) were calculated between the P/N ratios at different dilutions of sera and the log 10 antibody titres of the same sera were ascertained by serial dilution ELISA. The highest value of 'r' was obtained at a serum dilution of 1:200. From log 10 antibody titre of sera (y) and their P/N ratio at a dilution of 1:200 (x), regression equations (y = a + bx) were calculated separately for the three antigens. Test sera were diluted to 1:200, their OD were read in duplicate wells and were converted to the P/N ratio. Antibody titres were predicted from the P/N ratio using a regression equation separately for the three antigens. Titres obtained by both ELISAs were not significantly different from each other, thus confirming that single dilution ELISA could be successfully used to replace conventional serial dilution ELISA. The sensitivity, specificity and predictive value of single dilution ELISA was validated statistically using 42 B. equi diseasepositive sera and 106 B. equi disease-negative sera. The WM antigen was found to be the most sensitive with a higher predictive value for negative test sera as compared to the CM or HSS antigens. Sera positive for other equine infections including Babesia caballi showed no cross-reaction with the three B. equi antigens in ELISA, thus the test was immunologically specific. Antibody titres of 109 unknown field donkey/horse sera obtained by serial and single dilution ELISA using the WM antigen did not show any significant difference. Since the single dilution ELISA was found to be

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Babesiosis: Non-specific Resistance, Immunological Factors and Pathogenesis

Cited by 43 publications

References 209 publications

Babesia divergens , a Bovine Blood Parasite of Veterinary and Zoonotic Importance

Babesia divergens , a Bovine Blood Parasite of Veterinary and Zoonotic Importance

Babesia microti Primarily Invades Mature Erythrocytes in Mice

Standardisation and comparison of serial dilution and single dilution enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using different antigenic preparations of the Babesia (Theileria) equi parasite

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