Bacillus amyloliquifaciens-Supplemented Camel Milk Suppresses Neuroinflammation of Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in a Mouse Model by Regulating Inflammatory Markers

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS), a distinct autoimmune neuroinflammatory disorder, affects millions of people worldwide, including Saudi Arabia. Changes in the gut microbiome are linked to the development of neuroinflammation via mechanisms that are not fully understood. Prebiotics and probiotics in camel milk that has been fermented have a variety of health benefits. In this study, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens-supplemented camel milk (BASY) was used to assess its preventive effect on MS symptoms in a myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-immunized C57BL6J mice model. To this end, MOG-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was established and the level of disease index, pathological scores, and anti-inflammatory markers of BASY-treated mice using macroscopic and microscopic examinations, qPCR and immunoblot were investigated. The results demonstrate that BASY significantly reduced the EAE disease index, increased total microbial load (2.5 fold), and improved the levels of the short-chain fatty acids propionic, butyric and caproic acids in the diseased mice group. Additionally, myeloperoxidase (MPO) proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β) were regulated by BASY treatment. Significant suppression of MPO and VCAM levels were noticed in the BASY-treated group (from 168 to 111 µM and from 34 to 27 pg/mL, respectively), in comparison to the EAE group. BASY treatment significantly reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory progression related transcripts, and inflammatory progression protein markers. In conclusion, BASY significantly reduced the symptoms of EAE mice and may be used to develop a probiotic-based diet to promote host gut health. The cumulative findings of this study confirm the significant neuroprotection of BASY in the MOG-induced mice model. They could also suggest a novel approach to the treatment of MS-associated disorders.

Attenuation of Immunogenicity in MOG-Induced Oligodendrocytes by the Probiotic Bacterium Lactococcus Sp. PO3

“…Disturbance of the gut-brain axis, a bidirectional relationship between the microbiota in the digestive tract and the brain, has been linked to neuroinflammatory response and neurological disorders [29,30]. Cow milk offers a suitable nutritional medium for many microorganisms, including probiotics, due to its high content of essential molecules including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals.…”

“…It has been reported that Hsp65-producing Lactococcus lactis inhibits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by preventing cell migration into the spinal cord [35]. Furthermore, other probiotic species such as Bacillus amyloliquifaciens-supplemented camel milk suppress the neuroinflammation of autoimmune encephalomyelitis by regulating inflammatory markers [29], as well as by regulating SOX5/miR-218 axis orchestration in mouse models [30]. STAT-3 diminished apoptosis and polarized the OLs in LPS-induced immunogenicity, which resulted in defective regulation of MBP and GFAP in OLs.…”

“…The neurological disorder known as multiple sclerosis was also treated with probiotics [25]. Several ailments such as diabetes [26], inflammatory bowel disease [27,28], and neuronal inflammatory disorder [29,30] were improved by the immunomodulatory mechanisms of specific probiotic organisms.…”

A Perspective on Oral Immunotherapeutic Tools and Strategies for Autoimmune Disorders

“…Probiotic-fed mice had regulated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and myeloperoxidase [ 68 ]. Interestingly, some genetically engineered probiotic strains were far more effective in eliciting an immune tolerance.…”

Bacillus subtilis PM5 from Camel Milk Boosts Chicken Immunity and Abrogates Salmonella entertitidis Infections

“…Examples of this are Pediococcus pentosaceus, Enterococcus faecium , and Enterococcus durans from raw camel milk in Morocco [ 4 ], Bacillus subtilis in Iran [ 5 ], and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in Tunisia [ 6 ]. A large body of evidence confirmed the significant beneficial impacts of probiotics on humans [ 7 , 8 ], animals [ 9 ], and plants [ 10 ].…”