Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis.

David, Deepu; Kirkby, G R; Noble, B A

doi:10.1136/bjo.78.7.577

Cited by 74 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…are a major cause of rapidly blinding cases of post-traumatic and endogenous endophthalmitis. The majority of patients with Bacillus endophthalmitis lost significant visual function or the eye itself in less than 2 to 3 days (Das, et al, 2001(Das, et al, ,2005David, et al, 1994;Ho, et al, 1982;O'Day, et al, 1981). B. cereus causes the vast majority of Bacillus endophthalmitis cases.…”

Section: Bacillusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial endophthalmitis: Therapeutic challenges and host–pathogen interactions

Callegan

Gilmore

Gregory

et al. 2007

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

156

153

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Endophthalmitis is an infection of the posterior segment of the eye that frequently results in loss of vision. This devastating result occurs despite prompt and often aggressive therapeutic and surgical intervention. Over the past decade, research has centered on determining the bacterial and host factors involved in this potentially blinding disease. The initial focus on the bacterial factors responsible for intraocular virulence has recently expanded into analysis the inflammatory response to infection, including the molecular and cellular interactions between the pathogen and host. This review discusses the epidemiology and therapeutic challenges posed by endophthalmitis, as well as recent findings from the analysis of interactions between the host and pathogen. Based on these findings, a model for the pathogenesis of endophthalmitis is presented. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular and cellular interactions taking place between pathogen and host during endophthalmitis will expose possible therapeutic targets designed to arrest the infection and prevent vision loss.

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Section: Bacillusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial endophthalmitis: Therapeutic challenges and host–pathogen interactions

Callegan

Gilmore

Gregory

et al. 2007

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

156

153

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“…This infection causes irreversible damage to the retina, often leading to vision loss within 1 or 2 days (6). Typically, B. cereus endophthalmitis occurs following a penetrating eye injury (posttraumatic) with retained intraocular foreign bodies (7,8) but has also been reported in postoperative patients (9)(10)(11). Fewer than 30% of posttraumatic B. cereus endophthalmitis patients retained useful vision, and out of these, only 9% retained 20/70 vision or better (7,12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, B. cereus endophthalmitis occurs following a penetrating eye injury (posttraumatic) with retained intraocular foreign bodies (7,8) but has also been reported in postoperative patients (9)(10)(11). Fewer than 30% of posttraumatic B. cereus endophthalmitis patients retained useful vision, and out of these, only 9% retained 20/70 vision or better (7,12). Moreover, 48% of B. cereus and other Bacillus species infections required evisceration or enucleation of the eye despite therapeutic intervention (7,12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unexpected Roles for Toll-Like Receptor 4 and TRIF in Intraocular Infection with Gram-Positive Bacteria

et al. 2015

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Inflammation caused by infection with Gram-positive bacteria is typically initiated by interactions with Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Endophthalmitis, an infection and inflammation of the posterior segment of the eye, can lead to vision loss when initiated by a virulent microbial pathogen. Endophthalmitis caused by Bacillus cereus develops as acute inflammation with infiltrating neutrophils, and vision loss is potentially catastrophic. Residual inflammation observed during B. cereus endophthalmitis in TLR2 ؊/؊ mice led us to investigate additional innate pathways that may trigger intraocular inflammation. We first hypothesized that intraocular inflammation during B. cereus endophthalmitis would be controlled by MyD88-and TRIF-mediated signaling, since MyD88 and TRIF are the major adaptor molecules for all bacterial TLRs. In MyD88 ؊/؊ and TRIF ؊/؊ mice, we observed significantly less intraocular inflammation than in eyes from infected C57BL/6J mice, suggesting an important role for these TLR adaptors in B. cereus endophthalmitis. These results led to a second hypothesis, that TLR4, the only TLR that signals through both MyD88 and TRIF signaling pathways, contributed to inflammation during B. cereus endophthalmitis. Surprisingly, B. cereus-infected TLR4 ؊/؊ eyes also had significantly less intraocular inflammation than infected C57BL/6J eyes, indicating an important role for TLR4 in B. cereus endophthalmitis. Taken together, our results suggest that TLR4, TRIF, and MyD88 are important components of the intraocular inflammatory response observed in experimental B. cereus endophthalmitis, identifying a novel innate immune interaction for B. cereus and for this disease. Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive, spore-forming, and beta-hemolytic soil bacterium (1). Commonly identified as a causative agent of foodborne illnesses, B. cereus is also associated with a multitude of clinical conditions, such as central nervous system infections (2), pneumonia (3), endocarditis (4), and gas-gangrene-like cutaneous infections (5). B. cereus also causes a virulent form of endophthalmitis, an intraocular inflammatory condition resulting from the introduction of microorganisms into the posterior segment of the eye following surgery or injury or from a distant site of infection. This infection causes irreversible damage to the retina, often leading to vision loss within 1 or 2 days (6). Typically, B. cereus endophthalmitis occurs following a penetrating eye injury (posttraumatic) with retained intraocular foreign bodies (7, 8) but has also been reported in postoperative patients (9-11). Fewer than 30% of posttraumatic B. cereus endophthalmitis patients retained useful vision, and out of these, only 9% retained 20/70 vision or better (7, 12). Moreover, 48% of B. cereus and other Bacillus species infections required evisceration or enucleation of the eye despite therapeutic intervention (7, 12). Intraocular inflammation that occurs during B. cereus endophthalmitis interferes with the clarity of the visual axis, contributing to disruption...

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“…B. cereus can be the cause of severe, even lethal infections such as sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, or wound infections, especially for patients in an immunocompromised state. Additionally, B. cereus is of great importance as the common pathogen for the highly fulminant posttraumatic endophthalmitis (7,12).B. cereus strains secrete a wide spectrum of extracellular virulence factors and exoenzymes (18,20,32), including an ADP-ribosylating enzyme, phospholipase C, enterotoxins, subtilisin-like proteases, and neutral metalloproteases (bacillolysin) with high homology to thermolysin.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Camelysin Is a Novel Surface Metalloproteinase from Bacillus cereus

Grass

Schierhorn²,

Sorkau

et al. 2004

Infect Immun

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Bacillus cereus, a gram-positive, ubiquitous soil bacterial species, is closely related to Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus thuringiensis (20,25,27,48). There are remarkable morphological and biochemical similarities between these species, for example, in the structures of their rRNAs and their cell wall composition (59). The main divergence between the species is the occurrence of different toxins, causing a variable spectrum of disease symptoms (20). B. cereus was described as a foodpoisoning organism, causing illness due to production of a heat-stable emetic toxin (4, 43) and diarrheal enterotoxins (20,23).B. cereus strains, when detected in clinical specimens, were earlier mistaken for accidentally occurring contaminating germs. However, during the last decade they have been identified to an increasing extent as pathogenic agents themselves (5, 32, 57). B. cereus can be the cause of severe, even lethal infections such as sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, or wound infections, especially for patients in an immunocompromised state. Additionally, B. cereus is of great importance as the common pathogen for the highly fulminant posttraumatic endophthalmitis (7,12).B. cereus strains secrete a wide spectrum of extracellular virulence factors and exoenzymes (18,20,32), including an ADP-ribosylating enzyme, phospholipase C, enterotoxins, subtilisin-like proteases, and neutral metalloproteases (bacillolysin) with high homology to thermolysin. Expression of those exoproteins is under the control of the PlcR regulator in the stationary growth phase (3, 18). Hitherto, the participation of the different pathogenic factors and their interactions in nongastrointestinal infections caused by B. cereus have not been well-understood, and they remain a subject of intensive investigations.During the search for bacterial surface proteases, a highly active, cell envelope-bound azocaseinolytic activity was detected in B. cereus. The protease was purified in its detergent form. It was homogeneous in mass spectrometry (MS), with a molecular mass of 19,073.1 Ϯ 15 Da, and was called caseincleaving metalloproteinase or camelysin (16, 17). The protein differs from known extra-and intracellular Bacillus proteinases in its N-terminal sequence, substrate specificity, and inhibition pattern. Camelysin preferentially cleaves peptide bonds in front of aliphatic hydrophobic amino acids and hydrophilic amino acid residues, avoiding bulky aromatic residues in the P 1 Ј position, and is therefore almost completely unable to release chromogenic and fluorogenic groups from this position (17). Camelysin belongs to the neutral metalloproteases, showing their typical strong inhibition by metal chelators (16), but it is insensitive to phosphoramidon or zincov, which are the strongest inhibitors of neutral metalloproteinases of the thermolysin-type (clan MA) (47).Bacterial surface proteases were detected and characterized for some gram-positive species (8, 40) and gram-negative species (26, 54), often playing a role as important virulence factors...

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Bacillus cereus endophthalmitis.

Cited by 74 publications

References 50 publications

Bacterial endophthalmitis: Therapeutic challenges and host–pathogen interactions

Bacterial endophthalmitis: Therapeutic challenges and host–pathogen interactions

Unexpected Roles for Toll-Like Receptor 4 and TRIF in Intraocular Infection with Gram-Positive Bacteria

Camelysin Is a Novel Surface Metalloproteinase from Bacillus cereus

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