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The thesis analyzes the transformation of domestic space and ways of life in Bogotá between 1945 and 1959, as an expression of a fundamental and representative stage in towards the construction of modernity in Colombia. Two studios, highly representative of the domestic architecture of the city, have been chosen as objects of study; The first, Herrera & Nieto Cano (HNC), which clearly characterizes the initial moment of modern Bogota architecture, marked by eclecticism and the own transition of the 1940s. The second, Ricaurte, Carrizosa & Prieto (RCP), which characterizes exemplarily the peak of local architectural production in the mid-1950s. The period of study has been determined because it is considered as the most representative in terms of the transformation of domestic architecture in the city. The research related with the transformation of the single-family house in Bogota in the middle of the XX century, requires studying a set of factors that are defined as conceptual nodes of the work, and are developed from the review of the selected objects of study. The first factor of transformation is the urban development of Bogota and its residential areas since the 1930s; the second is the exploration into the modern Bogota house and its architecture; the third is the increased use of technology in) the house and the industry around the daily life in Bogota; Fourth and last are the inhabitants and their new individual and social practices in the city. The document has been structured into five major chapters: 1. "Research work", comes out with the objectives, objects of study, theoretical framework, hypotheses raised, methodology and the state of the matter concerning the research topic. 2. "The guild of Colombian architects of the 50s. Two generations, two firms," explains the origins and beginning of the profession of architect in the country and its pioneers, the history of the HNC firm, the biography of the architects who formed it, its training from the office and the development of architecture as an investment. The consolidation of the guild, the successors of the pioneers, the history of the RCP firm, the biography of the partners who founded it, their formation from ideas and the development of architecture as an experiment are also described. 3. "The series house, towards an idea of community", initially studies the growth of the city from the neighborhoods for employees and workers, the main state agents financing housing construction and management, and the habitus of the middle and the working class in Bogota. Based on this previous study, the most significant cases of series houses projects in which HNC and CPR participated are analyzed, relating them to other contemporary proposals in the city, in terms of their urban, architectural and technical aspects. 4. "The house commissioned: Towards an ideal of modern living", primarily looks into the expansion of the city, from the residential districts of individual houses for the upper class, the main urbanization companies, their management, and the habitus of the elite in Bogota. Considering this research, the most representative custom houses of HNC and RCP are analyzed, associating them to previous projects and other contemporary houses in the city, in terms of their urban, architectural and technical aspects. 5. "The transformation of the domestic space and ways of life in the Bogota house of HNC and RCP. Conclusions", analyzes transversely the domestic work of both studios in a comparative way during the studied period. This chapter goes in depth into the study of the industry around the daily life, and its incidence into the practices of the inhabitants of the housing "in series" as well as by private order), as a complement to the analysis of the context in which the objects of study were developed. La tesis analiza la transformación del espacio doméstico y de los modos de vida en Bogotá entre 1945 y 1959, como expresión de una etapa fundamental y representativa en la construcción de la modernidad en Colombia. Como objetos de estudio se han escogido dos firmas altamente representativas de la arquitectura doméstica de la ciudad; la primera, Herrera & Nieto Cano (HNC), caracteriza a cabalidad el momento inicial de la arquitectura moderna bogotana, marcado por el eclecticismo y la transición propia de los años 40. La segunda, Ricaurte, Carrizosa & Prieto (RCP), caracteriza ejemplarmente el momento cumbre de la producción arquitectónica local a mediados de los años 50. El periodo de estudio se ha determinado por considerar ese lapso como el más representativo de la transformación de la arquitectura doméstica en la ciudad. Ocuparse de la transformación de la casa unifamiliar en Bogotá a mediados de siglo XX, supone estudiar un conjunto de factores que se definen como nudos conceptuales del trabajo y se desarrollan a partir de la revisión de los objetos de estudio seleccionados. El primer factor de transformación es el desarrollo urbano de Bogotá y sus áreas residenciales desde los años 30; el segundo es la búsqueda de la casa moderna bogotana y su arquitectura; el tercero es la tecnificación de la casa y la industria alrededor de la vida cotidiana en Bogotá; el cuarto y último es el habitante y sus nuevas prácticas individuales y sociales en la ciudad. El documento se ha estructurado en cinco grandes capítulos: 1.En "El trabajo de investigación", se da cuenta de los objetivos, los objetos de estudio, el marco teórico, las hipótesis planteadas, la metodología y el estado de la cuestión referente al tema de investigación. 2.En "El gremio de arquitectos colombianos de los años 50. Dos generaciones, dos firmas", se explican los orígenes y el inicio de la profesión de arquitecto en el país y sus pioneros, la historia de la firma HNC, la biografía de los arquitectos que la conformaron, su formación desde el oficio y el desarrollo de la arquitectura como inversión. De igual manera se explican la consolidación del gremio, los sucesores de los pioneros, la historia de la firma RCP, la biografía de los socios que la fundaron, su formación desde las ideas y el desarrollo de la arquitectura como experimento. 3.En "La casa en serie, hacia una idea de comunidad", se estudia inicialmente el crecimiento de la ciudad a partir de los barrios para empleados y obreros, los principales agentes estatales financiadores de construcción de vivienda y su gestión, y el habitus de la clase media y la clase obrera en Bogotá. A partir de ese estudio previo,se analizan los casos más significativos de proyectos de casas en serie en los cuales tuvieron participación HNC y RCP, relacionándolos con otras propuestas contemporáneas en la ciudad, en cuanto a sus aspectos urbanos, arquitectónicos y técnicos. 4.En "La casa por encargo. Hacia un ideal de habitar moderno",se estudia inicialmente la expansión de la ciudad a partir de los barrios residenciales de casas individuales para la clase más pudiente, las principales compañías urbanizadoras, su gestión, y el habitus de la élite en Bogotá. Con base en ese estudio previo, se analizan las casas por encargo más representativas de HNC y RCP, relacionándolas con proyectos antecedentes y con otras casas contemporáneas en la ciudad, en cuanto a sus aspectos urbanos, arquitectónicos y técnicos. 5.En "La transformación del espacio doméstico y de los modos de vida en la casa bogotana de HNC y RCP. Conclusiones", se analiza transversalmente la obra doméstica de ambas firmas en el periodo de estudio de manera comparativa. Se profundiza además en el estudio de la industria alrededor de la vida cotidiana y su incidencia en las prácticas de los habitantes tanto de la vivienda en serie como por encargo privado, como complemento al análisis del contexto en el cual se desarrollaron los objetos de estudio.
The thesis analyzes the transformation of domestic space and ways of life in Bogotá between 1945 and 1959, as an expression of a fundamental and representative stage in towards the construction of modernity in Colombia. Two studios, highly representative of the domestic architecture of the city, have been chosen as objects of study; The first, Herrera & Nieto Cano (HNC), which clearly characterizes the initial moment of modern Bogota architecture, marked by eclecticism and the own transition of the 1940s. The second, Ricaurte, Carrizosa & Prieto (RCP), which characterizes exemplarily the peak of local architectural production in the mid-1950s. The period of study has been determined because it is considered as the most representative in terms of the transformation of domestic architecture in the city. The research related with the transformation of the single-family house in Bogota in the middle of the XX century, requires studying a set of factors that are defined as conceptual nodes of the work, and are developed from the review of the selected objects of study. The first factor of transformation is the urban development of Bogota and its residential areas since the 1930s; the second is the exploration into the modern Bogota house and its architecture; the third is the increased use of technology in) the house and the industry around the daily life in Bogota; Fourth and last are the inhabitants and their new individual and social practices in the city. The document has been structured into five major chapters: 1. "Research work", comes out with the objectives, objects of study, theoretical framework, hypotheses raised, methodology and the state of the matter concerning the research topic. 2. "The guild of Colombian architects of the 50s. Two generations, two firms," explains the origins and beginning of the profession of architect in the country and its pioneers, the history of the HNC firm, the biography of the architects who formed it, its training from the office and the development of architecture as an investment. The consolidation of the guild, the successors of the pioneers, the history of the RCP firm, the biography of the partners who founded it, their formation from ideas and the development of architecture as an experiment are also described. 3. "The series house, towards an idea of community", initially studies the growth of the city from the neighborhoods for employees and workers, the main state agents financing housing construction and management, and the habitus of the middle and the working class in Bogota. Based on this previous study, the most significant cases of series houses projects in which HNC and CPR participated are analyzed, relating them to other contemporary proposals in the city, in terms of their urban, architectural and technical aspects. 4. "The house commissioned: Towards an ideal of modern living", primarily looks into the expansion of the city, from the residential districts of individual houses for the upper class, the main urbanization companies, their management, and the habitus of the elite in Bogota. Considering this research, the most representative custom houses of HNC and RCP are analyzed, associating them to previous projects and other contemporary houses in the city, in terms of their urban, architectural and technical aspects. 5. "The transformation of the domestic space and ways of life in the Bogota house of HNC and RCP. Conclusions", analyzes transversely the domestic work of both studios in a comparative way during the studied period. This chapter goes in depth into the study of the industry around the daily life, and its incidence into the practices of the inhabitants of the housing "in series" as well as by private order), as a complement to the analysis of the context in which the objects of study were developed. La tesis analiza la transformación del espacio doméstico y de los modos de vida en Bogotá entre 1945 y 1959, como expresión de una etapa fundamental y representativa en la construcción de la modernidad en Colombia. Como objetos de estudio se han escogido dos firmas altamente representativas de la arquitectura doméstica de la ciudad; la primera, Herrera & Nieto Cano (HNC), caracteriza a cabalidad el momento inicial de la arquitectura moderna bogotana, marcado por el eclecticismo y la transición propia de los años 40. La segunda, Ricaurte, Carrizosa & Prieto (RCP), caracteriza ejemplarmente el momento cumbre de la producción arquitectónica local a mediados de los años 50. El periodo de estudio se ha determinado por considerar ese lapso como el más representativo de la transformación de la arquitectura doméstica en la ciudad. Ocuparse de la transformación de la casa unifamiliar en Bogotá a mediados de siglo XX, supone estudiar un conjunto de factores que se definen como nudos conceptuales del trabajo y se desarrollan a partir de la revisión de los objetos de estudio seleccionados. El primer factor de transformación es el desarrollo urbano de Bogotá y sus áreas residenciales desde los años 30; el segundo es la búsqueda de la casa moderna bogotana y su arquitectura; el tercero es la tecnificación de la casa y la industria alrededor de la vida cotidiana en Bogotá; el cuarto y último es el habitante y sus nuevas prácticas individuales y sociales en la ciudad. El documento se ha estructurado en cinco grandes capítulos: 1.En "El trabajo de investigación", se da cuenta de los objetivos, los objetos de estudio, el marco teórico, las hipótesis planteadas, la metodología y el estado de la cuestión referente al tema de investigación. 2.En "El gremio de arquitectos colombianos de los años 50. Dos generaciones, dos firmas", se explican los orígenes y el inicio de la profesión de arquitecto en el país y sus pioneros, la historia de la firma HNC, la biografía de los arquitectos que la conformaron, su formación desde el oficio y el desarrollo de la arquitectura como inversión. De igual manera se explican la consolidación del gremio, los sucesores de los pioneros, la historia de la firma RCP, la biografía de los socios que la fundaron, su formación desde las ideas y el desarrollo de la arquitectura como experimento. 3.En "La casa en serie, hacia una idea de comunidad", se estudia inicialmente el crecimiento de la ciudad a partir de los barrios para empleados y obreros, los principales agentes estatales financiadores de construcción de vivienda y su gestión, y el habitus de la clase media y la clase obrera en Bogotá. A partir de ese estudio previo,se analizan los casos más significativos de proyectos de casas en serie en los cuales tuvieron participación HNC y RCP, relacionándolos con otras propuestas contemporáneas en la ciudad, en cuanto a sus aspectos urbanos, arquitectónicos y técnicos. 4.En "La casa por encargo. Hacia un ideal de habitar moderno",se estudia inicialmente la expansión de la ciudad a partir de los barrios residenciales de casas individuales para la clase más pudiente, las principales compañías urbanizadoras, su gestión, y el habitus de la élite en Bogotá. Con base en ese estudio previo, se analizan las casas por encargo más representativas de HNC y RCP, relacionándolas con proyectos antecedentes y con otras casas contemporáneas en la ciudad, en cuanto a sus aspectos urbanos, arquitectónicos y técnicos. 5.En "La transformación del espacio doméstico y de los modos de vida en la casa bogotana de HNC y RCP. Conclusiones", se analiza transversalmente la obra doméstica de ambas firmas en el periodo de estudio de manera comparativa. Se profundiza además en el estudio de la industria alrededor de la vida cotidiana y su incidencia en las prácticas de los habitantes tanto de la vivienda en serie como por encargo privado, como complemento al análisis del contexto en el cual se desarrollaron los objetos de estudio.
In southern Pakistan, most wells in mature fields do not flow naturally and require delivery of supplemental energy into the wellbore through an artificial lift system. The existing portfolio of techniques, however, faces technical and economic challenges. Operators have tried numerous methods of deliquification such as soap injection, jet pumps, electrical submersible pumps, and conventional gas lift (GL). Those solutions differ in methodology and efficiency, but they unfortunately have failed either technically or economically in Pakistan. Because reviving dead wells is key to maximizing production with the most efficient and cost-effective method in Pakistan, a detailed screening of candidate wells was carried out to identify innovative artificial lift solutions. The deployment of GL valves using coiled tubing (CT) soon emerged as the best option, because it offered the highest returns in a cost-benefit analysis. Coiled tubing gas lift (CTGL) is a rigless solution that enables setting GL valves at the required depth, during any stage of a well life. It allows gas to be injected through CT with production through the CT-to-tubing annulus. This technology is also retrievable and replaceable when needed. Two pilot wells, that had been shut in since 2015, were selected from four shortlisted candidates through nodal analysis. Each system consisted of one CT string with multiple stations of unloading and orifice valves, spaced out at depths engineered to maximize each well’s productivity. In addition to a GL valve, each station included two CT external connectors and one self-aligning connector, which enabled efficient and safe connection between both CT ends during the deployment of the CTGL station. Additionally, specific CT pressure control equipment and wellhead adapters were used to secure and hang the CT string in the production tree and provide connection with the gas injection facilities at the surface. The first installation was conducted in a vertical well originally completed 4 1/2-in. monobore, deploying 1 1/2-in. CT string with four CTGL stations. The second installation was performed with 1 1/4-in. CT and five CTGL stations in a well originally completed with 7-in. liner and 2 7/8-in. production tubing. The wells were commissioned using existing surface infrastructure and were unloaded smoothly until the production stabilized at optimum rates near 420 B/D and 325 B/D respectively. This innovative artificial lift technique represents an effective and economical solution to restart production in mature fields where conventional artificial lift methods challenge well economics. This approach greatly rests on a thorough candidate selection process. The design and installation of two new CTGL systems was a first in the Middle East region and helped identify numerous best practices and lessons learned, which will speed up implementation of the methodology in other parts of the world.
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